<p>El Presidio Reál de San Diego  is a historic fort in San Diego, California. It was established on May 14, 1769, by Gaspar de Portolá, leader of the first European land exploration of Alta California - at that time an unexplored northwestern frontier area of New Spain. The presidio was the first permanent European settlement on the Pacific Coast of the present-day United States. As the first of the presidios and Spanish missions in California, it was the base of operations for the Spanish colonization of California. The associated Mission San Diego de Alcalá later moved a few miles away.</p><br>
<p>Essentially abandoned by 1835, the site of the original Presidio lies on a hill within present-day Presidio Park, although no historic structures remain. The San Diego Presidio was registered as a California Historical Landmark in 1932, then declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to occupation by the Spanish, the site of the Presidio was home to the Kumeyaay people (called the Diegueños by the Spaniards).</p><br>
<p>The first Europeans to explore San Diego Bay and its environs were members of the maritime expedition led by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. Sebastián Vizcaíno visited again in 1602, but no settlement was made until the fort was begun in May 1769. On July 16, 1769, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was established by Junípero Serra on Presidio Hill. The presidio had a commanding view of San Diego Bay and the Pacific Ocean, allowing the Spanish to see potential intruders.</p><br>
<p>Less than a month after the mission was established, an uprising of Indians occurred; four Spaniards were wounded and a boy was killed. After the attack, the Spaniards built a stockade which was finished in March 1770. It included two bronze cannons: one pointed to the bay, the other to the nearby Indian village. One of the cannons, El Jupiter, is now in the Serra Museum.</p><br>
<p>In 1773 and 1774, adobe structures were built to replace the temporary wood and brush huts. Later in 1774, the mission was moved a few miles up Mission Valley to separate the Indians from the influence of the presidial garrison. By 1783, there were 54 troops stationed at the presidio.</p><br>
<p>With Mexican independence in 1821, the presidio came under Mexican control, and was officially relinquished by the Spanish on April 20, 1822. From 1825-1829, it served as the Mexican governor&#39;s residence. The presidio was abandoned by 1835 and fell to ruins, because settlers preferred to live in the more accessible town - present-day Old Town San Diego State Historic Park - which developed at the foot of Presidio Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1907 George Marston, a wealthy department store owner, bought Presidio Hill with an interest to preserve the site. Unable to attract public funding, Marston built a private park in 1925 with the help of architect John Nolen. He also funded Junipero Serra Museum, designed by William Templeton Johnson and built in 1928-29 in Spanish Revival style architecture, to house and showcase the collection of the San Diego Historical Society (now the San Diego History Center). Serra Museum is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Presidio, but in fact nothing remains of the original Presidio. Marston donated the park and museum to the city in 1929. Presidio Park is still owned by the city of San Diego; Serra Museum is managed by the San Diego History Center.</p><br>
<p>No historical structures remain in Presidio Park today. The Presidio site is occasionally used for archaeological excavations.</p><br>
<p>There are additional photographs available.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>"Early History of the San Diego Presidial District, 1542-1782." UC Berkeley thesis, 1930, by Lucien C. Atherton.</p><br>
<p>The Mississippi State Capitol in Jackson, Mississippi, is the state capitol building of the USA state of Mississippi, housing the Mississippi Legislature. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, and designated a Mississippi Landmark in 1986 and a National Historic Landmark in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>The "New" Capitol</h2><br>
<p>The Mississippi State Capitol is located in Jackson and has been the home of Mississippi&#39;s state legislature since 1903. It is the third capitol building in Jackson.</p><br>
<p>The building, which is in the Beaux-Arts architectural style, was designed to house all branches of the Mississippi state government, although now the judicial branch is housed in the Gartin Justice Building across High Street.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the rotunda are Italian white marble with a base of New York jet-black marble. The eight large columns are a type of art marble known as scagliola. The dome interior contains 750 lights which illuminate the blindfolded female figure representing "Blind Justice" and four scenes: two Indians, a Spanish explorer and a Confederate general. Balustrades are cast iron and original to the building.</p><br>
<p>An 8 ft, 15 ft eagle soars above the dome, made of solid copper and gilded with gold leaf.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, it had a complete renovation, which cost $19 million. The renovation attempted to maintain the original design whenever practical. It was completed in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Hall of Governors is located on the first floor. Portraits of Mississippis governors since the creation of the Mississippi Territory in 1798 are on display. The State Library and the Supreme Court chamber, now both committee meeting rooms, are located on the second floor. The Legislature is housed on the third floor, along with the Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Speaker of the Houses offices. Public viewing balconies for both chambers are located on the fourth floor.</p><br>
<p>The Senate Chamber has seats for the 52 Senators. The Chamber is art marble with the base of Belgium black marble. Its columns are Breccia violet with corinthian composite caps. Its dome is stained Bohemian glass with another dome on top for protection. In the center of the dome is a green circle of printing that reads, "The people&#39;s government made for the people by the people and answerable to the people." An image of Theresa Whitecloud, a full-blooded Choctaw Indian princess (died 1970), is on six wooden panels. The Chamber desks were replaced in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The House of Representatives Chamber has seats for the 122 Representatives, including the speaker, the chamber&#39;s presiding officer. The Chamber dome is the original Bohemian stained glass with another dome on top for protection of the stained glass. Desks are the originals of 1903. The Mississippi Coat of Arms is at the top of each arch. The walls are art marble and their base is Belgian black marble.</p><br>
<p>One of the 53 replicas of the original Liberty Bell, as well as a statue erected in memory of the ladies, mothers, sisters, wives and daughters of the Confederate soldiers is located on the capitol grounds. Among the trees on the grounds are the state tree, the magnolia tree, along with two Japanese magnolia trees and small patches of miniature Aspen have been seen growing. Also on the grounds is the figurehead from the second USS Mississippi battleship. The ship was sold to the government of Greece during 1914 but the figurehead was presented to Mississippi by the United States Navy in December 1909.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol appears briefly in the movie The Help.</p><br>
<h2>The Old Capitol</h2><br>
<p>Mutschellen is the name of a pass in the canton of Aargau in the district of Bremgarten near the border of canton Zurich. Three municipalities, Berikon, Widen, and Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg, meet directly atop the pass.</p><br>
<h2>Location and Development</h2><br>
<p>The pass Mutschellen connects the Reuss valley in the west with communities of greater Zurich in the east. Due to its very low summit of 551 meters above sea level, Mutschellen is often called the lowest pass of Europe.</p><br>
<p>Directly on the mountain there are three municipalities: Berikon, Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg and Widen. These three villages have grown together very closely; only those who know the place are able to say where the municipality borders are. Also considered to be part of the Mutschellen region are the municipalities of Zufikon to the west and Oberwil-Lieli to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>Mutschellen is actually a glacial moraine, which emerged during an ice age. At this time the Reuss glacier and the Linth glacier went northbound as far as the river Rhine. Even today one can see the traces of these monumental glaciers. The glaciers left huge furrows behind and during their retreat left lakes like the lake of Zurich. The pressure of the two glaciers also created the Mutschellen.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The pass is crossed by a busy road from Bremgarten to Zufikon. The road has been significantly improved over the past ten years, particularly as it winds down into Bremgarten. The pass is also crossed by the Bremgarten-Dietikon-Bahn, a metre gauge light railway that is heavily used by commuters traveling into Zurich for work.</p><br>
<p>The top of the pass features a large intersection and train station that connects to several bus routes. Connecting travelers with the route that runs along the top of the Mutschellen. The area is also a bustling commercial area with a supermarket, Migros and Denner stores, as well as smaller independent stores.</p><br>
<p>The Ponce de Leon Hotel, also known as The Ponce, was an exclusive luxury hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, built by millionaire developer and Standard Oil co-founder Henry M. Flagler and completed in 1888. The hotel was designed in the Spanish Renaissance style as the first major project of the New York architecture firm Carrère & Hastings, which would go on to gain world renown.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was the first of its kind constructed entirely of poured concrete, using the local coquina stone as aggregate. The hotel was also one of the first buildings in the country wired for electricity from the onset, with the power being supplied by DC generators installed by Flagler&#39;s friend, Thomas Edison.</p><br>
<p>The original building and grounds of the hotel are today a part of Flagler College.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Henry Flagler spent the winter of 1882-83 in the St. Augustine and became interested in the historic city and its potential as a winter resort for wealthy northerners. He was particularly impressed with the poured concrete construction method of the Villa Zorayda, the recently constructed winter home of businessman Franklin Smith. Flagler offered to buy it for his wife, but Smith would not sell.</p><br>
<p>Flagler returned to St. Augustine in 1885 and made Smith an offer. If Smith could raise $50,000, Flagler would invest $150,000 and they would build a hotel together. Smith couldn&#39;t come up with the funds, so Flagler began construction of the 540-room Ponce de León Hotel by himself, spending several times his original estimate. Smith helped train the masons on the mixing and pouring techniques he used on the Zorayda. Two years later, Smith would build the Casa Monica Hotel opposite the Ponce de Leon, on land sold to him by Flagler.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>The Ponce de Leon Hotel was built on land that was part of a former orange grove and salt marsh belonging to Dr. Andrew Anderson, owner of the nearby Markland house. Construction began in 1885 by contractors and former New England shipbuilders James McGuire and Joseph McDonald; the building was completed in 1887.</p><br>
<p>Various famed and notable designers, architects, and painters worked on the project. The hotel was designed by the New York architecture firm of John Carrère and Thomas Hastings, as one of their first major projects. Architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, who had recently arrived from Paris and would go on to supervise the 1904 World&#39;s Fair in St. Louis, created the watercolor elevation of the hotel. Murals in the rotunda and dining room were completed by the well-known artist George W. Maynard, who a decade later painted murals in the Treasures Gallery at the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress.</p><br>
<p>The murals at the Ponce were well known at the time. Writing of a visit to St Augustine, Ring Lardner has one of his characters say:</p><br>
<p>"In the evenin we strolled acrost the street to the Ponce—thats supposed to be even sweller yet than where we were stoppin at. We walked all over the place without recognizin nobody from our set. I finally warned the Missus that if we didnt duck back to our room Id probably have a heart attack from excitement; but shed read in her Florida guide that the decorations and pitchers was worth goin miles to see, so we had to stand in front o them for a couple hours and try to keep awake. Four or five o them was thrillers, at that. Their names was Adventure, Discovery, Contest, and so on, but what they all should of been called was Lady Who Had Mislaid Her Clo&#39;es.</p><br>
<p>The hotels named after the fella that built it. He come from Spain and they say he was huntin for some water that if hed drunk it hed feel young. I dont see myself how you could expect to feel young on water. But, anyway, hed heard that this here kind o water could be found in St. Augustine, and when he couldnt find it he went into the hotel business and got even with the United States by chargin five dollars a day and up for a room." &mdash;Gullibles Travels (1917) Electricity was supplied by the Edison Electric Company, as Thomas Edison was a personal friend of Henry Flagler and architect Thomas Hastings brother Frank was the companys secretary-treasurer. Edison oversaw the installation of DC dynamos in the hotel. The building was one of the first in the world to be wired for electricity and constructed with it in mind. When the hotel first opened, Flagler hired staff to turn power on and off for his residents, because the people staying at the hotel were too afraid to turn the switches on and off themselves.</p><br>
<p>Originally, the twin towers of the hotel were water storage tanks which contained 8,000 gallons each, providing running water for hotel guests. During World War II, one of the towers served as a brig when the hotel was occupied by the USA Coast Guard as a training center.</p><br>
<h2>Hotel operation</h2><br>
<p>The Ponce de Leon Hotel opened January 10, 1888. It was an instant success, and within two years, Flagler opened another hotel in St. Augustine, the Alcazar. Situated just across the street, it absorbed guests that the Ponce could not accommodate and eased the massive demand. A year after that, in 1888, he purchased Franklin Smiths troubled Casa Monica Hotel, renovating it and reopening it as the Cordova. This success convinced Flagler that Florida was viable and ripe for development, and encouraged him to continue development south along the states east coast as he attempted to create an "American Riviera".</p><br>
<p>With the success of the Ponce de Leon, Flagler realized the need for a sound transportation system to support his resorts, and he purchased short line railroads to form what would later become known as the Florida East Coast Railway. He modernized the existing railroads for them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic, allowing guests to reach the hotel from New York and other northern cities. Over the next two decades, Flagler expanded the system further south, until it reached Key West.</p><br>
<p>Noted personalities that stayed at the hotel during its operation included President Grover Cleveland, Mark Twain, President Theodore Roosevelt, Somerset Maugham, Babe Ruth and Babe Didrikson.</p><br>
<p>The headwaiter of the Ponce in the 1880s and 1890s was Frank Thompson, who was a pioneer civil rights advocate and an organizer of the professional black baseball team that became the Cuban Giants. One member of the team, Frank Grant, was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<p>The hotel saw declining visitor numbers throughout the 1910s and 1920s. A major cause of this was the continuous extension of Flagler&#39;s railway, which allowed tourists to vacation in the warmer, tropical climates further south, giving rise to cities like West Palm Beach and Miami. However, even as the Alcazar and Cordova Hotels closed, the Ponce remained open and was one of three Flagler hotels in the state to survive the Great Depression and operate into the mid-20th Century.</p><br>
<h2>Art colony</h2><br>
<p>Flagler established an artist colony at the hotel, with an Artists&#39; Studios building constructed to the rear of the resort. The colony attracted many up-and-coming American artists of the time, including Martin Johnson Heade, who painted, among other works, "Giant Magnolias on a Blue Cloth" in Studio No. 7. The painting now hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., and Heade has been honored on a USA postage stamp. Other works of his are in the White House and various significant galleries.</p><br>
<p>Other artists of the colony included Felix de Crano, Reynolds Beal, Arthur Vidal Diehl, the flower painter Albert Fuller Graves, the Provincetown artist and teacher Charles Webster Hawthorne, the impressionist painter Harry L. Hoffman, and Heinrich Pfeiffer.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, the federal government had organized several of its direct aid programs in the city with the goal of revitalizing the area&#39;s tourism economy. Authors such as Ernest Hemingway, Zora Neale Hurston, Robert Frost, John Dos Passos, and, most particularly, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, visited or lived in St. Augustine during this time, and there was an active community of artists.</p><br>
<h2>Coast Guard training center</h2><br>
<p>During World War II, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was taken over by the federal government and was used as a Coast Guard Training Center. St. Augustine is considered to be the birthplace of the Coast Guard Reserve, as one of the first classes to graduate from Reserve officer training did so at St. Augustine in May 1941. From 1942 until the end of the war in 1945, thousands of young recruits received their basic and advanced training at the hotel, with up to 2,500 trainees living in the building at any one time.</p><br>
<p>One of the Coast Guardsmen the trained at the hotel was Jacob Lawrence, already a famous artist. According to the official Coast Guard history, "In October 1943 Lawrence was drafted into the Coast Guard, then part of the Navy. As the armed services were still segregated, he, along with all African-American recruits, were automatically limited to the steward’s mate rate. After his basic training at Curtis Bay, Maryland he was assigned to the Ponce de Leon Hotel (commandeered by the Coast Guard) in St. Augustine. Despite his rate, Lawrence was urged to continue his artistic endeavors by his commanding officer, Captain J.S. Rosenthal. He was later transferred to USCGC Sea Cloud, the first integrated ship in the naval services." He would go on to be the first African-American artist to have his works hung in both the Vatican and the White House.</p><br>
<h2>Post-war return to hotel</h2><br>
<p>After the war ended, the building was deactivated by the Coast Guard and returned to operation as a hotel. Large crowds that had stayed away from the city during the war returned, but the boom did not last.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, the city was thrust onto the national stage with Civil Rights demonstrations that brought Martin Luther King, Jr. to the St. Augustine. On March 31, 1964, more than a hundred students from the all-black Richard J. Murray Middle School marched downtown and sat-in at the dining room of the Ponce de Leon Hotel. They were met by police with dogs and cattle prods and arrested. It was the first mass sit-in of the St. Augustine movement. Additional incidents took place at other segregated locations in the city, including the Monson Motor Lodge and the local Woolworth&#39;s, all of which contributed to passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964.</p><br>
<p>The hotel saw declining visitor numbers in the following years, and in 1967 it was permanently closed.</p><br>
<h2>Flagler College</h2><br>
<p>In 1968 the hotel became the centerpiece of the newly-established Flagler College. Beginning in 1976, with the nations bicentennial anniversary, Flagler College embarked on an ambitious campaign to restore the hotel and other Flagler-era campus buildings to their original grandeur. In 1988 the College celebrated the centennial of the Ponce de Leon Hotel, and a decade later students created the Flaglers Legacy program, which provides guided historic tours of the former hotel to thousands of visitors annually.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and became a USA National Historic Landmark on February 21, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The 1920 silent film, Stolen Moments, starring Rudolph Valentino, was partially filmed and set in the Ponce de Leon Hotel and its courtyard.</p><br>
<p>Recherche Bay is an oceanic embayment, part of which is listed on the National Heritage Register, located on the extreme south-eastern corner of Tasmania, Australia. It was a landing place of the d’Entrecasteaux expedition to find missing explorer La Pérouse. It is named in honour of the Recherche, one of the expedition&#39;s ships.</p><br>
<h2>French exploration</h2><br>
<p>The explorers set up a camp, made a garden and scientific observatory at Recherche Bay in April 1792 for 26 days, and again in January 1793 for 24 days. Both landings were made to seek refuge and replenish supplies although as much time as possible was dedicated to scientific research. The botanists Jacques Labillardière, Claude Riche and Étienne Pierre Ventenat, assisted by gardener botanist Félix Delahaye, collected and catalogued almost 5000 specimens including the blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus), which later became Tasmania&#39;s floral emblem. The expedition also made friendly contact with the Tasmanian Aboriginal people there in 1793.</p><br>
<p>The scientific observatory at Recherche Bay was the site of the first deliberate scientific experiment on Australian soil. At this observatory, geoscientist Elisabeth Paul Edouard de Rossel conducted a series of measurements that proved geomagnetism varied with latitude.</p><br>
<h2>British settlement</h2><br>
<p>Being isolated from the main areas of early settlement, exposed to easterly gales, and the terrain and soils of a nature that discouraged European agriculture, Recherche Bay saw only moderate activity following the British settlement of Van Diemen&#39;s Land.</p><br>
<p>In 1829, Recherche Bay was the site of the Cyprus mutiny, in which the brig Cyprus was seized by convicts being transported from Hobart Town to Macquarie Harbour Penal Station. The mutineers marooned officers, soldiers, and convicts who did not join the mutiny, without supplies. The mutineers then sailed the Cyprus to Canton, China, where they scuttled her and claimed to be castaways from another vessel. On the way, Cyprus visited Japan during the height of the period of severe Japanese restrictions on the entry of foreigners, the first Australian ship to do so.</p><br>
<p>During the 1830s and 1840s it was the site of a bay whaling station as well as a base for pilots guiding ships up the D&#39;Entrecasteaux Channel. Whaling ships occasionally sheltered there to try out whales, two (the Maria Orr in 1846 and Offley in 1880) being wrecked there in gales. The main commercial activities in the later 19th century and into the early 20th century were timber-gathering, mostly centred on the township of Leprena and coal mining, the latter mostly based around the township of Catamaran. The Catamaran Coal Company employed the former barque James Craig as a coal hulk there.</p><br>
<h2>Controversy since 2003</h2><br>
<p>In 2003 the private landowners of the D&#39;Entrecasteaux expedition site sought permission to selectively log the area, which was opposed by a large-scale campaign to protect the site from destruction.</p><br>
<p>In January 2006 the Tasmanian Land Conservancy (TLC) announced plans to raise a minimum of 1.3 million to purchase the site from its private owners. Dick Smith pledged A$100,000 to the cause, and two weeks later it was announced that over $2 million had been raised to purchase and rehabilitate the site, and that it would be owned by the TLC.</p><br>
<p>Part of the bay, being the north east peninsula area comprising 430 hectare, was included in the National Heritage List on 7 October 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Coxs River, a perennial river that is part of the Hawkesbury-Nepean catchment, is located in the Central Tablelands, Blue Mountains, and Macarthur regions of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Course and features</h2><br>
<p>The Coxs River rises in Gardiners Gap, within Ben Bullen State Forest, east of Cullen Bullen, and flows through the Megalong Valley and parts of the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site including the Blue Mountains and Kanangra-Boyd national parks, heading generally south and then east, joined by fifteen tributaries including the Little, Jenolan, Kedumba, Kowmung, and Wollondilly rivers, before reaching its confluence with the Warragamba River to form Lake Burragorang. The river descends 931 m over its 155 km course.</p><br>
<p>The river is impounded at Lake Wallace where it forms a cooling source for Wallerawang Power Station; at Lake Lyell where it is used for water supply for the city of Lithgow and water cooling for Wallerawang Power Station; and at Lake Burragorang, a major water supply source for greater metropolitan Sydney.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>To the Aborigines who lived in the area for thousands of years before white settlement, Coxs River was one of two corridors that could be used to cross the Blue Mountains, the other being the Bilpin Ridge, now the site of Bells Line of Road. Coxs River was the easiest way to cross the mountains, but this fact was unknown to the European settlers, for whom the mountains were a seemingly impassable barrier.</p><br>
<p>A former convict, John Wilson, may have been the first European to cross the Blue Mountains. Wilson arrived with the First Fleet in 1788 as a convict and was released in 1792. After this, he lived with the Aborigines and functioned as an intermediary between them and the settlers. In 1797 Wilson returned to Sydney, claiming to have explored up to a hundred miles in all directions around Sydney, including across the mountains. His descriptions and observations were generally accurate, and it is possible that he had crossed the mountains via the Coxs River corridor, guided by the Aborigines.</p><br>
<p>Governor Macquarie named both Coxs River and Coxs Pass in honour of William Cox, a military officer, roadmaker and builder. In 1815 the naming of the Coxs River is mentioned:</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>As of 2008, there were concerns about water quality in upper Coxs River. Testing carried out by researchers from the Blue Mountains Conservation Society showed that this part of the river had high levels of heavy metals including zinc, copper and manganese, 125 times more sulphate than surrounding streams and only 5% of the oxygen that fish need. The pH level, a test of acidity, was up to 1000 times higher than that of neighbouring creeks, while the river was 80 times as salty as it should be. The Sydney Catchment Authority confirmed that the test was accurate, but said the water gets safer to drink in the lower river, approaching Warragamba Dam. The Department of Environment and Climate Change stated that the contamination could be caused by Delta Electricity&#39;s Wallerawang Power Station reusing its water as a result of drought. Delta stated that it was operating within the conditions of its licence.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, Dr Ian Wright of the University of Western Sydney reported that the water flowing into Coxs River contained high levels of copper, boron and other metals at "many times" the levels found upstream of the Wallerawang Power Station. High arsenic levels were found down stream of the plant, although it was diluted further downstream and was not thought to pose a risk to humans. The Blue Mountains Conservation Society was taking a case to the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales with the backing of Environment Defenders Office of New South Wales, intending to argue that Delta Electricity are polluting Coxs River. The Society also intended to challenge the New South Wales system of environmental licences. The Society&#39;s president, Tara Cameron, said: "These licences are just licences to pollute. They are just allowing the status quo and making people feel good without actually protecting the environment." Journalists Ben Cubby and Erik Jensen maintained that the NSW Government had known about the pollution for over two years.</p><br>
<h2>Activities and access</h2><br>
<p>A range of leisure activities are accessible adjacent to the river, including the Katoomba to Mittagong Trail, the Six Foot Track and camping.</p><br>
<p>Vehicle access is available at many locations along the river. There are several areas close to Hartley. As the river progresses towards Lake Burragorang, vehicle access is not permitted. Bushwalking is the most popular access method to the Coxs River. There are several well maintained historic walks that follow along scenic sections of the river. One of the most popular is the Six Foot Track. Horse riding is another popular way to enjoy the Coxs river. There are several tour operators in the Megalong Valley that offer day and overnight rides.</p><br>
<p>The Cosquer cave is located in the Calanque de Morgiou in Marseille, France, near Cap Morgiou. The entrance to the cave is located 37 m underwater, due to the Holocene sea level rise. The cave contains various prehistoric rock art engravings. It was discovered in 1985 by and named after diver Henri Cosquer, but its existence was not made public until 1991, when three divers became lost in the cave and died.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cave can now be accessed by divers through a 175 m long tunnel, the entrance of which is located 37 m below sea level, that had risen after the cave was inhabited. During the glacial periods of the Pleistocene, the shore of the Mediterranean sea was situated several kilometers to the South and the sea level up to 100 m below the cave entry.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistoric paintings</h2><br>
<p>Four fifths of the cave, including any cave wall art, were permanently or periodically submerged and destroyed by sea water as 150 instances of cave art remain. including several dozen painting and carvings dating back to the Upper Paleolithic, corresponding to two different phases of occupation of the cave:</p><br>
<p>Older art consisting of 65 hand stencils and other related motifs, dating to 27,000 years BP (the Gravettian Era).</p><br>
<p>Newer art of signs and 177 animals dating to 19,000 years BP (the Solutrean Era), representing both "classical" animals such as bison, ibex, and horses, but also marine animals such as Auks and a man with a seal&#39;s head.</p><br>
<p>The Great Falls of the Missouri River are a series of waterfalls on the upper Missouri River in north-central Montana in the United States. From upstream to downstream, the five falls, which are located along a 10 mi segment of the river, are:</p><br>
<p>Black Eagle Falls (26 ft)</p><br>
<p>Colter Falls (6 ft)</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Falls (44 ft)</p><br>
<p>Crooked Falls, also known as Horseshoe Falls (19 ft); and</p><br>
<p>The Great Falls (87 ft).</p><br>
<p>The Missouri River drops a total of 612 ft from the first of the falls to the last, which includes a combined 187 ft of vertical plunges and 425 ft of riverbed descent. The Great Falls have been described as "spectacular", one of the "scenic wonders of America", and "a major geographic discovery". When the Lewis and Clark Expedition became the first white men to see the falls in 1805, Meriwether Lewis said they were the grandest sight he had beheld thus far in the journey.</p><br>
<p>The Great Falls of the Missouri River were depicted on the territorial seal of the Montana Territory, and later on the state seal of Montana in 1893.</p><br>
<h2>Names of the Great Falls</h2><br>
<p>The Mandan Indians knew of the cataracts and called them by a descriptive (but not formal) name: Minni-Sose-Tanka-Kun-Ya, or "the great falls." No record exists of a Native American name for any of the other four waterfalls.</p><br>
<p>Four of the five waterfalls were given names in 1805 by American explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. "Beautiful Cascade" was renamed "Rainbow Falls" in 1872 by Thomas B. Rogers, an engineer with the Great Northern Railway. It is not clear when the falls lost their original name of "Upper Pitch," but they had acquired their modern name by at least 1877.</p><br>
<h2>Geological history</h2><br>
<p>The Missouri River lies atop the Great Falls Tectonic Zone, an intracontinental shear zone between two geologic provinces of basement rock of the Archean period which form part of the North American continent, the Hearne province and Wyoming province. Approximately 1.5 million years ago, the Missouri River, Yellowstone River and Musselshell River all flowed northward into a terminal lake. During the last glacial period, the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets pushed these lakes and rivers southward. Between 15,000 and 11,000 BCE, the Laurentide ice sheet blocked the Missouri River and created Glacial Lake Great Falls. About 13,000 BCE, as the glacier retreated, Glacial Lake Great Falls emptied catastrophically in a glacial lake outburst flood. The current course of the Missouri River essentially marks the southern boundary of the Laurentide ice sheet. The Missouri, Yellowstone and Musselshell rivers flowed eastward around the glacial mass, eventually settling into their present courses. As the ice retreated, meltwater poured through the Highwood Mountains and eroded the mile-long, 500 ft Shonkin Sag—one of the most famous prehistoric meltwater channels in the world.</p><br>
<p>The Great Falls themselves formed on a fall line unconformity in the Great Falls Tectonic Zone. The Missouri River settled into a bedrock canyon which lay beneath the clay laid down by Glacial Lake Great Falls. The course of the Missouri in and around the Great Falls has changed very little since then, in comparison to lower regions of the river on the ground moraine that forms much of the upper Great Plains.</p><br>
<p>The Great Falls of the Missouri River formed because the Missouri is flowing over and through the Kootenai Formation, a mostly nonmarine sandstone laid down by rivers, glaciers, and lakes in the past. Some of the Kootenai Formation is marine, however, laid down by shallow seas. The river is eating away at the softer nonmarine sandstone, with the harder rock forming the falls themselves. Until relatively recently (in geologic time) the Missouri River in the area had a much wider channel, but it has now settled into its current course, where it will continue to cut more deeply into the sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<h3>Early inhabitants</h3><br>
<p>The first human beings to see the Great Falls were Paleo-Indians who migrated into the area between 9,500 and 8,270 BCE. Salish Indians would often hunt bison in the area on a seasonal basis, but no permanent settlements existed near the Great Falls for much of prehistory.</p><br>
<p>Although the discovery of the Great Falls by Native Americans is not recorded, the South Piegan Blackfeet were well-acquainted with the Great Falls by the late 18th century, and news of the cataracts had spread among native peoples as far east as central North Dakota.</p><br>
<h3>Lewis and Clark</h3><br>
<p>The United States purchased the area around the Great Falls of the Missouri from France (which claimed the area despite Native American habitation) in 1803, as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson sought and won permission and funding for an expedition from Congress in January 1803. On May 14, 1804, the Lewis and Clark Expedition departed St. Louis, Missouri to map the course of the Missouri River; establish whether a river route to the Pacific Ocean existed; study the Indian tribes, botany, geology, terrain and wildlife in the region; and evaluate whether British and French Canadian hunters and trappers in the area posed a challenge to American control over the region. Expedition leaders Meriwether Lewis and William Clark first learned of the "great falls" from the Mandan Indians while wintering at Fort Mandan from November 2, 1804 until April 7, 1805.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis and Clark Expedition discovered the Great Falls of the Missouri on June 13, 1805.</p><br>
<p>The falls which Lewis had seen were the lowest of the five falls, the Great Falls. Exploring the following day, Lewis discovered Crooked Falls, Rainbow Falls, Colter Falls, and Black Eagle Falls. At the final waterfalls, Lewis saw an amazing site:</p><br>
<p>Mounting a hill near Black Eagle Falls (probably where the town of Black Eagle is today), Lewis saw that the cataracts ended and that another large river joined the Missouri about two and a half miles further upstream. Although it was very late in the afternoon, Lewis rushed forward to see this river and was attacked by a grizzly bear. He ran more than 80 yards and launched himself into the Missouri River, and luckily the bear did not follow. The Lewis and Clark Expedition was forced to portage around the Great Falls, an arduous task that took nearly a month.</p><br>
<p>York, an African American slave owned by William Clark and who had participated in the Expedition, was the first black American to see the Great Falls.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis and Clark Expedition made a number of discoveries near the Great Falls. On June 13, Silas Goodrich caught numerous Westslope cutthroat trout at the falls, the first time anyone in the expedition had seen these fish, and several samples were preserved which constituted the type specimens for the fish. The trout was subsequently given the scientific name Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi in honor of the expedition leaders. The Westslope cutthroat is now the "official state fish" of Montana. The explorers also collected the first samples of the gumbo evening primrose and western meadowlark at the Great Falls.</p><br>
<p>On June 18, while reconnoitering the series of falls on the south side of the Missouri River with a group of five others, William Clark discovered Giant Springs, which he correctly judged to be the largest spring in the world. He was the first white person to see the springs, and the first white person to see the falls from the south side of the Missouri.</p><br>
<p>Meriwether Lewis revisited the Great Falls on July 11, 1806, as the Corps of Discovery returned east. Lewis and nine men stopped at the Great Falls with the intention of exploring the Marias River and discovering its source. But during the night, Indians stole half the party&#39;s 17 horses, forcing three of the men to stay behind.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement of the Great Falls area</h2><br>
<p>Following the return passage of Lewis and Clark in 1805/06 there is no record of any white man visiting the Great Falls of the Missouri until explorer and trapper Jim Bridger reached them in 1822. White people next visited the Great Falls when Bridger and Major Andrew Henry led a fur-trading expedition there in April 1823 (and were attacked by Blackfeet Indians while camping at the site). British explorer Alexander Ross trapped around the Great Falls in 1824. In 1838, a mapping expedition sent by the USA federal government and guided by Bridger spent four years in the area. Margaret Harkness Woodman became first white woman to see the Great Falls in 1862.</p><br>
<p>The first permanent settlement near the Great Falls was Fort Benton, established in 1846 about 40 mi downstream from the Great Falls. The Great Falls marked the limit of the navigable section of the Missouri River, and the first steamboat arrived at the falls in 1859. In 1860, the Mullan Road linked Fort Benton with Fort Walla Walla in the Washington Territory.</p><br>
<p>Politically, the Great Falls of the Missouri River passed through numerous hands in the 19th century. It was part of the unincorporated frontier until May 30, 1854, when Congress established the Nebraska Territory. Indian attacks on white explorers and settlers dropped significantly after Isaac Stevens negotiated the Treaty of Hellgate in 1855, and white settlement in the area began to occur. On March 2, 1861, it became part of the Dakota Territory. The Great Falls were incorporated into the Idaho Territory on March 4, 1863, and then into the Montana Territory on May 28, 1864. It became part of the state of Montana upon that territory&#39;s admission to statehood on November 8, 1889.</p><br>
<p>The Great Falls of the Missouri River became the site of a permanent settlement in 1883. Businessman Paris Gibson visited the Great Falls in 1880, and was deeply impressed by the possibilities for building a major industrial city near the falls with power provided by hydroelectricity. He returned in 1883 with surveyors and platted a city (to be named Great Falls) on the south side of the river. A planing mill, lumber yard, bank, school, and newspaper were established in 1885. By 1887 the town had 1,200 citizens, and in October of that year the Great Northern Railway arrived in the city. Great Falls, Montana, was incorporated on November 28, 1888, Black Eagle Dam was built in 1890, and by 1912 Rainbow Dam and Volta Dam (now Ryan Dam) were all operating.</p><br>
<p>The city of Great Falls, Montana, derives its name from the waterfalls. The small town of Black Eagle, Montana, derives its name from Black Eagle Falls, and Cascade County (in which both are located) is named for the cataracts and rapids which make up the falls.</p><br>
<h3>Dams on the Great Falls</h3><br>
<p>Only one of the waterfalls that comprise the Great Falls of the Missouri River, Crooked Falls, exists in its natural state today. Dams built on the falls beginning in the 1880s have significantly altered and even submerged the five waterfalls. Black Eagle Dam was built in 1890, and half of Black Eagle Falls are now submerged in the reservoir behind the dam.</p><br>
<p>Rainbow Falls was dammed in 1910 when Rainbow Dam was built. The reservoir behind the dam submerged Colter Falls.</p><br>
<p>Volta Dam was built on top of the Great Falls in 1915, and later renamed Ryan Dam in 1940 in honor of John D. Ryan, the president and founder of the Montana Power Company.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district and interpretive centers</h2><br>
<p>The Great Falls Portage, a National Historic Landmark District designated in 1966, commemorates the route by which Lewis and Clark bypassed the falls. The landmarked areas, including the expedition camps at either end of the portage, are located well above and below the series falls. The Great Falls are also part of the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, established by Congress in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Interpretive Center was built in 1998 on cliff overlooking the Missouri River near Crooked Falls. It provides an extensive look into Lewis and Clark&#39;s discovery of the Great Falls and their portage around them, as well as exhibits on native peoples of the area.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the City of Great Falls, the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, and other public and private bodies established the River&#39;s Edge Trail, a 30 mi series of paved and unpaved trails that follow the Great Falls as well as the Lewis and Clark Expedition portage route (along with other scenic and historic area of the City of Great Falls and town of Black Eagle).</p><br>
<h2>The Great Falls in art</h2><br>
<p>The first known drawing of the Great Falls was entered by Meriwether Lewis in his diary. In 1807, Lewis commissioned the Irish engraver John James Barrelet to make drawings of the Great Falls. After Lewis death in 1810, William Clark visited Lewis home and found the drawings, but they have since disappeared.</p><br>
<p>The Great Falls have been depicted in well-known paintings over the years. The waterfalls may be seen in the background of John Mix Stanley&#39;s large painting "Barter for a Bride" (originally titled "A Family Group"), which was painted some time between 1854 and 1863 and now hangs in the Diplomatic Reception Room in the United States Department of State in Washington, D.C. The noted Western painter O. C. Seltzer depicted the cataracts in his 1927 work, "Lewis and Clark With Sacajawea at the Great Falls of the Missouri, 1804."</p><br>
<p>The first known photograph of the Great Falls was taken by noted Western photographer James D. Hutton about 1859 or 1860.</p><br>
<p>Lebold Mansion is a Victorian-era house in Abilene, Kansas, USA. Lebold Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constructed of native Kansas limestone, the mansion was built in 1880 by banker Conrad Lebold.</p><br>
<p>In 1857 Tim and Eliza Hersey, the founders and first inhabitants of Abilene, built a stone dugout in the location where the Lebold Mansion stands today. The Hersey dugout was incorporated into the construction of the mansions tower and is preserved as part of the foundation located at the towers base. Visitors still can view the dugout when touring the home.</p><br>
<p>The Mansion has served many purposes over the years. In the 1920s it was used by the local phone company as a boarding house for telephone operators. In 1930 it became an orphanage and then served as an apartment building from 1940-1970.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>It has survived amazingly intact and was maintained as a historic house museum from 1973 until 2010. It was considered to be one of the finest Victorian decorative art museums in the midwest. It was featured in Victorian Homes Magazine and Victorian Decorating Magazine.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, it was sold to new owners as a private residence. The Lebold Mansion has recently undergone an extensive restoration by the new owners, Gary Yuschalk and Larkin Mayo, who own Victorian Interiors, a San Francisco company. They have returned it to the decorative styles popular in the 1880s. Its 23 rooms have been redecorated with period furniture, wallpaper, drapes, and other furnishings.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral Church of the Advent in Birmingham, Alabama, is the mother church of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama. On March 30, 1983, the structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Episcopal Church of the Advent.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish church of the Advent was established in 1872, one year after the founding of the city of Birmingham, and was one of the first churches built in the new city. The first building on this site was completed in 1873, but was soon destroyed by fire. The current structure, was occupied in 1883 with the tower and portico undergoing construction until 1885. The Cathedral is known for its historical location on Twentieth Street near Linn Park, as well as for the reputation of its music program. It was not until 1982 that the Church of the Advent became a cathedral, when the Diocese of Alabama selected the church as its seat.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The congregation undertook a major project to preserve the Scioto sandstone exterior of the Cathedral between 1999 and 2005. During this same period the Rectors Garden was redesigned to improve drainage and accommodate a columbarium and the belltower was refitted for a carillon of fifteen bells, cast by Fonderie Paccard of Lac dAnnecy, France. In both 2005 and 2012, readers of the Birmingham News named the cathedral choir "Best Church Choir". Today, the Church of the Advent comprises nearly 4,000 members, making it one of the ten largest Episcopal churches in the United States. The Cathedral campus is also home to the Advent Episcopal Day School.</p><br>
<p>The North Carolina State Capitol is the former seat of the legislature of the USA state of North Carolina. Currently housing the offices of the Governor of North Carolina, it is located in the state capital of Raleigh on Union Square at One East Edenton Street. The cornerstone of the Greek Revival building was laid with Masonic honors by the Grand Master of North Carolina Masons Simmons Jones Baker on July 4, 1833. Construction was completed in 1840. It was designed primarily by the architectural firm of Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis. Often credited solely to that team, the design of the capitol was actually the result of a sequence of work by William Nichols, Sr. and his son William Nichols, Jr., Town and Davis, and then David Paton.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol housed the entire state government until 1888, and the North Carolina General Assembly met in the capitol building until 1961. The legislature relocated to its current location in the North Carolina State Legislative Building in 1963. The North Carolina Supreme Court has also convened in the building in the past, most recently meeting in the capitols senate chamber in 2005 while the Supreme Court Building was undergoing renovations. The Governor and the governors immediate staff has continued to occupy offices in the building. The Capitol remains largely unaltered from its 1840 state. Only three rooms have been significantly altered through remodeling: the two committee rooms in the east and west wings of the second floor, which were divided horizontally to provide space for restrooms, and the office in the east wing of the first floor, part of which had to be cut away to permit space for an elevator to be installed in 1951.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973. It is located in the Capitol Area Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Image Gallery</h2><br>
<p>Lake Talquin is a reservoir located on the Ochlockonee River between Leon County and Gadsden County in north Florida. The lake, located about 10 miles  west of Tallahassee, is south of Interstate 10 and bordered by State Road 20 on the east and State Road 267 on the west.</p><br>
<p>The lake was created by the construction of the Talquin Dam, and used for the generation of hydroelectric power. The name Talquin is a contraction of the names of the two cities the lake lies between, Tallahassee and Quincy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1927 the Jackson Bluff Dam was constructed on the Ochlockonee River to produce hydroelectric power. The waters held back by the dam formed Lake Talquin.</p><br>
<p>On August 18, 1962, the lake was the site of a tragedy when 17 children and one adult drowned in the capsizing of a boat while they were on an outing.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, approximately 20,000 acres (80 km²) of uplands and 10,000 acres (40 km²) of lake bottom were donated by the Florida Power Corporation to the State of Florida to form Lake Talquin State Recreation Area. Much of the shore of the lake is part of Lake Talquin State Forest. The waters that now cover Lake Talquin’s floodplain are shallow except along the old channel of the river. The abundance of dead trees and stumps scattered about are reminders of the rich floodplain forest that once covered the area before the lake was formed. Most of the stumps can be found right under the water on the eastern end of the lake causing problems for boaters.</p><br>
<p>The lake is unusual insofar as its easternmost point is only 11 miles from Florida&#39;s state capital of Tallahassee, yet its shores remain pristine and recreational use remains sparse even today.</p><br>
<h2>Vegetation</h2><br>
<p>The area has forests of pines and hardwoods including sweetgum and a variety of oaks.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Rolling hills and deep ravines surround the lake. The water level is usually at the 70-ft contour (70 feet above sea level), but it can vary by as much as 3 feet. The lake&#39;s nominal surface area is about 10,000 acres, or about 15 square miles, but because of the shallow gradient in some of the inlets and the seasonal variations in water level, it is not possible to state a more precise figure for the size of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s shoreline measures more than 40 miles, and considerably more if one includes all of the nooks and crannies of the numerous inlets. Most of this shoreline is public land, and is therefore undeveloped.</p><br>
<p>Most of the lake measures approximately 1 mile in width. The total length of the lake is almost 20 miles (depending on where one decides the river ends and the lake begins).</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Eastern gray squirrels, fox squirrels, wild turkey, bald eagles, ospreys, alligators and whitetail deer are found in the forests surrounding the lake. Also commonly seen are egrets, blue herons, water turtles of several varieties, and water snakes, including water moccasins. Insect life is abundant, and mosquitoes and chiggers in particular can be troublesome during the summer months.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Lake Talquin State Forest encompasses much of the southern and southwestern shores of the lake, with many boat landings and picnic areas, including Rock Bluff Recreation Area in Leon County. There are facilities for private picnics, parties, family reunions, weddings and receptions.</p><br>
<p>The lake is also home to the Florida State University Crew Club, a rowing club.</p><br>
<p>Most of the shoreline and bottom is muddy rather than sandy, and swimmers need to keep in mind that they are sharing the water with alligators, turtles, and snakes (particularly at the eastern end of the lake). Only some parts of the lake are suitable for water skiing as there are many submerged stumps that are not easily visible. The lake is, however, a good spot for day-sailing and canoeing, and the scenery is beautiful.</p><br>
<h3>fishing</h3><br>
<h3>Fishing</h3><br>
<p>Lake Talquin has largemouth and striped bass, crappie, bream, shellcrackers, speckled perch, striped pickerel (commonly called "jack"), gar, catfish, and bowfin.</p><br>
<p>Lake Jackson is a shallow, prairie lake on the north side of Tallahassee in Leon County, Florida, United States, with two major depressions or sinkholes known as Porter Sink and Lime Sink.</p><br>
<p>The lake is located in the Red Hills Region, and has fluctuated from periods of being dry to a maximum elevation of 96 ft above sea level. The lake is approximately 12 km long and its area is 16 km&sup2;. There is no outflow from streams or runoff.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Interstate 10 runs across the southern tip of the lake.</p><br>
<p>There is another Lake Jackson and Little Lake Jackson in Sebring, Florida, not related to the current article.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park is located adjacent to the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<h3>Karst</h3><br>
<h3>Drainage</h3><br>
<p>Water drains from the lake into the Floridan Aquifer through the sinkholes. These are usually partially or completely plugged with sediments, but collapse when groundwater levels drop, allowing lake water to funnel into the aquifer, which can completely drain the lake. The lake drained on September 16, 1999. On May 10, 2007, the lake flowed down the Porter Sink, but pools of water still remained.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>Species found at Lake Jackson and the surrounding watershed are the snowy egret, little blue heron, wood stork, bald eagle, least tern, American alligator and round-tailed muskrat. Brown pelicans, rare inland, have also been found on occasion.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>Submerged vegetation is abundant throughout the lake and include blue hyssop, coontail, green fanwort, variable-leaf milfoil, and bladderwort. Marsh plants include maidencane, pickerelweed, American lotus, and slender spikerush. Numerous wetland tree and woody plant species also inhabit the drier portions of the transitional marsh. These include sweetgum, a variety of oaks, wax myrtle, and elderberry.</p><br>
<p>Lake Carnegie is a reservoir that is formed from a dam on the Millstone River, in the far northeastern corner of Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey. The Delaware and Raritan Canal and its associated tow path are situated along the eastern shore of the lake. Noted businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie donated money for the construction of the lake, which was donated to Princeton University. In 1990, the Lake Carnegie Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The lake, which is privately owned, is used by the universitys rowing team, and is home to the US Olympic rowing team. It is, however, available for public use for activities such as ice skating, fishing, and picnicking. Fish species include largemouth bass, carp, pickerel, crappie, channel catfish and occasionally a few rainbow and brown trout that make their way into Carnegie Lake from Stony Brook. Years of pollution have led to a dangerous decrease in the lakes safety levels. Efforts to improve the water quality of Carnegie Lake are ongoing.</p><br>
<p>An aerial view of this lake appears in the opening title sequence of the drama series House M.D.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the construction of the lake, Princetons varsity crew rowed on the narrow Delaware and Raritan Canal, sharing the busy waterway with commercial shipping. The team had discussed their desire to construct a lake in Princeton, but no plans were ever developed. In 1902, one of the teams former members (Howard Russell Butler, class of 1876) was asked to paint a portrait of noted philanthropist Andrew Carnegie.</p><br>
<p>While sitting for Butler, Carnegie discussed the many lochs he had built in his native Scotland. Butler relayed the plans he and his teammates had discussed previously to Carnegie, who took an immediate interest in the project. He asked Butler to investigate the potential cost and feasibility of constructing such a lake in Princeton. After working with a New York engineering company, Butler informed Carnegie that the estimated construction costs would be US$118,000.</p><br>
<p>Carnegie visited the university campus to view the construction site, and soon after authorized Butler to begin construction. In 1903, a group of Princeton alumni began purchasing farmland that occupied areas of the projected basin. They, in turn, sold this land to Carnegie. This was done in order to avoid arousing the suspicions of local residents, and to allow Carnegie to purchase the land for the lowest possible price. By 1905, the needed land was purchased and the work of clearing the area and constructing the bridges and dam began.</p><br>
<p>Carnegie attended the official opening ceremony on December 5, 1906, arriving by train with dozens of friends. He was met by a group including university president Woodrow Wilson. Carnegie and Wilson led an academic procession into Alexander Hall, where Carnegie was greeted enthusiastically by attending students (who had been given the day off). At one point, a group of students began to sing:</p><br>
<p>He is giving us a lake</p><br>
<p>You can hear the breakers break</p><br>
<p>Carnegie, Carnegie</p><br>
<p>Andy, Andy, you&#39;re a dandy</p><br>
<p>Carnegie.</p><br>
<p>Carnegie returned to Princeton the following spring to attend the lakes first regatta. Wilson attempted to secure a second donation from Carnegie, who answered, "I have already given you a lake." Wilsons reported reply was, "We needed bread and you gave us cake."</p><br>
<h2>Environmental problems</h2><br>
<p>Due to its initially shallow depth, flooding and siltation (carried by Stony Brook) became problems for the area surrounding Carnegie Lake. Another problem was the rapid deposit of sewage carried by the Millstone River from nearby towns, where expansion of treatment facilities had not kept pace with rapid population growth. The lake has been dredged three times since its opening—first in 1927, in the late 1930s, and most recently in 1971. The 1971 dredging gave the lake a uniform depth of nine feet at a distance of 35 feet from the shoreline.</p><br>
<p>In its 2002 report on water quality, the United States Environmental Protection Agency rated Lake Carnegie as "impaired." This status indicates that the lake cannot support one or more of its designated uses. The sources of this nonpoint source pollution are varied—litter, chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides), automotive waste (oil and gas), and goose droppings have all contributed to the decline in water quality. Unsafe levels of mercury in the lake have led to an advisory on fish consumption.</p><br>
<p>A number of local volunteer groups have undertaken efforts to improve the quality of water in Lake Carnegie and surrounding waterways. These efforts include litter removal, water sample testing, and educational programs.</p><br>
<p>Larch Mountain is an extinct volcano near Portland, Oregon. The name is misleading, as no western larch  can be found there. It received that name when early lumbermen sold the noble fir wood as larch. The peak can be reached between May and November on paved Larch Mountain Road, 16 mi east of Corbett, Oregon, although the road is closed during the winter and spring months.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Larch Mountain is located in Multnomah County, Oregon approximately 40 miles east of Portland, above the Columbia River Gorge. Although it has an elevation of 4,061 ft,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1879, Amos James Moore was the first known person to advocate for the logging and settling of Larch Mountain. Attractive due to its proximity to Portland and the Columbia River, it contained what were considered some of the highest-quality cedar, hemlock, and fir trees in the United States. In 1886, the Bridal Veil Lumbering Company started logging and constructed a lumber mill, followed a year later by the Latourrel Falls Wagon Road and Lumber Company. The operation rapidly expanded with the construction of a wooden plank road extending from Larch Mountain to the railroad line near the river, allowing for the large-scale logging of the mountain. The Bridal Veil Lumbering company became known for the high quality of its timber.</p><br>
<p>In 1902, a fire swept through one of the mills, completely destroying it as well as the town. Both were soon rebuilt in new locations. This event is often heralded as the start of the decline of the large-scale Victorian logging practices, which were replaced by more modern techniques. Only a few remnants of the former system exist today. Logging continued in the new forms on the mountain for several more decades. In 1928, the United States Forest Service began reforesting the slopes of Larch Mountain, so that more lumber could be produced. A fire in 1936 marked the end of the timber business on the mountain. Causing around $100,000 of damage, it severely damaged the lumber mill, which was not rebuilt due to the depletion of the timber supply on the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Larch Mountain is the remnant of an ancient shield volcano, with broad slopes covering tens of square kilometers. It is currently the tallest peak in the Boring Lava Field, a volcanic field active during the Plio-Pleistocene time frame. Active between 1.8 and 1.4 million years ago, the volcano is composed mainly of basalts, although the summit at Sherrard Point is composed mainly of iron-rich andesite. Larch Mountain&#39;s basalt is tough to distinguish from the surrounding Columbia River Basalt, although the Columbia River Basalt is slightly lighter in color and less brittle. Sherrard Point is the eroded remains of the original volcanic plug.</p><br>
<p>Sherrard Point was exposed during the last glacial period, when the majority of the mountain&#39;s peak was destroyed by glaciers. The glaciers carved a large cirque into the mountain, forming a large lake. Over time, the lake was filled with sediment, and today the area is now a large meadow.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Larch Mountain contains some of the largest old-growth forest strands left in the Columbia River Gorge area, characterized by the presence of many nurse logs. Dominant tree species include pacific silver fir, grand fir, Douglas fir, and western hemlock.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Larch Mountain area contains multiple popular hiking trails. The Larch Mountain Trail #441 begins near the Columbia River at the Multnomah Falls Lodge and roughly follows Multnomah Creek, passing several waterfalls including the well-known Multnomah Falls, Weisendanger Falls, and Ecola Falls. The trail ends at the Larch Mountain parking lot, Sherrard Point offers an outstanding view of the nearby Cascade Range volcanoes Mount Hood, Mount Adams, Mount Jefferson, Mount Rainier, and Mount St. Helens. Distance plaques are provided, showing the distance to said volcanoes.</p><br>
<p>A loop around Larch Mountain itself is formed by the Larch Mountain Trail, the Multnomah Creek Way Trail #444, and the Oneonta Trail #424.</p><br>
<p>The Macon City Auditorium is a historic structure in Macon, Georgia, United States, that has hosted performances, meetings, and events for the community since 1925. It was designed by New York architect Egerton Swartwout. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Municipal Auditorium in 1971.</p><br>
<p>Located nearly across the street from Macon&#39;s historic City Hall, the Auditorium is designed in a similar Classical style, surrounded on three sides by limestone Doric columns.</p><br>
<p>The building is capped by a copper dome, claimed by many locals to be the largest in the world, though verifying the fact has proved difficult. Below the dome, the Great Hall seats 2,688 total, split between the 14,000 ft&sup2; floor (typically configured with folding chairs and tables for various uses) and a balcony with fixed seating for 988. Over the stage, a Don Carlos Dubois and Wilbur Kurtz mural contains scenes from Macon area history from the Spanish explorations of Hernando de Soto to the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Though it is significantly older than, and geographically separate from, the other building in the complex, the Auditorium is maintained as part of the Macon Centreplex, which also includes the Macon Coliseum. The latter two facilities comprise a single building on the east side of the Ocmulgee River, and for many in the general public, "the Centreplex" refers specifically to that property, while the downtown structure continues to be colloquially known simply as "the Auditorium".</p><br>
<p>The Macon Coliseum has about 9,000 seats while the Macon City Auditorium has 2,688.</p><br>
<h2>Recent events</h2><br>
<p>2016 Celtic Women Destiny Tour</p><br>
<p>Oprah Winfrey filmed her 2007 episode Oprah&#39;s Favorite Things in the Macon City Auditorium on November 17, 2007.</p><br>
<p>Tower Hill is an inactive volcano on the south-West coast of Victoria, Australia. Within the crater, the explosion also formed a series of small cones  and spheres surrounded by a crater lake.Tower Hill volcano is roughly 4 km wide and 80 m high. It has a gradient altering between 10% to 80% at the higher points.</p><br>
<p>The Koroitgundidj people long inhabited this region of Australia and have lived in the area of Tower Hill since before recorded history. The first confirmed sighting of Tower Hill by Europeans was by French explorers sailing with Captain Baudin aboard Géographe in 1802. Matthew Flinders sailed east along the southern coast of Australia and on 20 April 1802 in the ship&#39;s log referred to "Peaked Hill Position uncertain", which may refer to Tower Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Hill was painted by the artist Eugene von Guerard in 1855, who was the foremost landscape artist in the colonies at the time. The painting (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eugene_von_Guerard_Tower_Hill_1855_EXHI014644.jpg Tower Hill, 1855) is now in the Warnambool art gallery.</p><br>
<p>Now part of the state park system as the Tower Hill State Game Reserve, it previously saw service as a pasture for stock animals, fields for crop growing, a stone quarrying, an unofficial motorcycle racing venue, a source of free timber, and a convenient community rubbish dump. By the middle of the last century the hills were almost completely denuded and virtually the only wildlife to be found were waterfowl that came to the crater lakes. The area has been reforested with native flora, and repopulated with native fauna over the past 40 years.</p><br>
<p>More than 300,000 native trees have been planted over the past two generations. This has created an environment capable of sustaining native animals such as koalas, emus, kangaroos, magpie geese, echidnas, possums, and waterbirds – all of which can be seen within the crater walls of Tower Hill.</p><br>
<p>The town of Koroit is on the north rim of Tower Hill which is within easy reach of both Warrnambool and Port Fairy.</p><br>
<p>This lookout is located at approximate location from which he painted his &#39;Tower Hill 1855&#39; painting.</p><br>
<p>Mount Duval, a large forested mountain of the New England Range, part of the Great Dividing Range, is located on the Northern Tablelands in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<p>With an elevation of 1,393 m above sea level, Mount Duval is one of the largest peaks in the area, dominating the skyline located approximately 15 km to the south of the summit. Mount Duval features on the logo of the Armidale Dumaresq Council.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named after John Duval, a convict and servant of a local pastoralist who worked in the area around the mountain in the 1830s. Most of the mountain is contained within the Duval Nature Reserve. Duval College at the University of New England is also named after the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Little Mount Duval</h2><br>
<p>To the north-west of Mount Duval sits Little Mount Duval, with an elevation of 1,404 m above sea level, slightly higher than Mount Duval. When viewed from Armidale, Little Mount Duval appears much smaller and was so named accordingly. On the summit of Little Mount Duval sit the transmission relay towers for a number of radio and television stations that broadcast into Armidale.</p><br>
<p>Utladalen  is a valley in the municipality of Årdal in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. It stretches north from Øvre Årdal into the neighboring municipality of Luster. The Avdalen and Fardalen valleys branch off of the main Utladalen valley.</p><br>
<p>Utladalen is Norways deepest valley. The main valley, when measuring from Øvre Årdal is 25 km long and is surrounded by dozens of mountain peaks that are all more than 2,000 m in height. From Øvre Årdal, a comfortable walking road has been constructed, funded by voluntary contributions. The road passes through Vetti and crosses the Utla river on four spectacular bridges. The walking path ends at one of Norways tallest waterfalls, Vettisfossen.</p><br>
<p>Since Utladalen is considered to be unique in Norway and internationally, the Utladalen Landscape Protection Area was established along with the adjacent Jotunheim National Park in 1980 and covers about 300 km&sup2;. It includes both the valley and areas that extend both westward and northward to Jotunheim National Park, and eastward to lake Tyin.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The official form on maps is Utledalen. The first element is the genitive of the river name Utla and the last element is the finite form of dal which means "dale" or "valley". The river name is probably derived from the verb utle which means "drift" or "fly"&mdash;the many waterfalls of the river creates a mist in the bottom of the valley.</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Theatre is a movie theater in northeast Portland, Oregon, owned by a non-profit organization. It is the central historical point of the Hollywood District. The Theatre is located at approximately 42nd and Sandy, across the street from the first suburban Fred Meyer store, which is currently occupied by Rite Aid. The Hollywood Theatre was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Commissioned by Jensen and Herberg in 1926, architects John Virginius Bennes and Harry A. Herzog designed the façade of the building after the Baths of Caracalla.</p><br>
<p>The theater has undergone a series of renovations since it was purchased in 1997 by Film Action Oregon. In November 2011, Regal Cinemas donated newer theater seats to the Hollywood Theatre. Two years later a Kickstarter campaign raised the funds necessary to erect a new marquee to be lit in September 2013.</p><br>
<p>Originally a venue for vaudeville and silent movies, the Hollywood Theatre currently screens local and international films, classic cinema, animation, grindhouse, educational, independent and experimental programming along with blockbuster second-run movies, featuring many programs in 35mm. The main downstairs auditorium has a 50-foot screen, while two smaller auditoriums are located upstairs, separated by a lounge.</p><br>
<p>A new marquee replicating the original 1926 one was installed in late August 2013. It replaced a marquee that had been installed in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Theatre offers three auditoriums with a seating capacity that ranges from 111 to 384.</p><br>
<p>The movie theater is operated by a non-profit organization whose mission is to entertain, inspire, educate and connect the community through the art of film, while preserving a historic Portland landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Airport theater</h2><br>
<p>In December 2015, Hollywood Theatre announced plans to open an annex theater in Portland International Airport. The theater will seat 18 with standing room for 10 to 20 people and also have space for live performances. The theatre will show short films no longer than 20 minutes and be free of charge. In mid-February 2017, it was reported that the airport "microcinema" would open on February 23 and have seating for 17 people.</p><br>
<p>Ranikot Fort  is a historical fort near Sann, Jamshoro District, Sindh, Pakistan. Ranikot Fort is also known as The Great Wall of Pakistan پاکستان جي عظيم ديوار and is believed to be the worlds largest fort. with a circumference of approximately 32 km. The forts ramparts have been compared to the Great Wall of China.</p><br>
<p>The site was nominated in 1993 by the Pakistan National Commission for UNESCO world heritage status, and has since been on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The fort is listed as a historical site under the Antiquities Act, 1975 and its subsequent amendments, and is provided protection.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ranikot Fort is 90 km to the north of Hyderabad on the national highway. There is also an easy access of about an hour&#39;s journey from Karachi to Sann on the Indus Highway. A diversion road, starting a little distance away from Sann, the nearest town, leads to the fort along a rugged 21 km road and reaches the eastern gate of the fort, known as Sann Gate. Sann is a rail head on the Kotri-Larkana line of the Pakistan Railway. It is inside the Kirthar National Park, the second largest national park in Pakistan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original purpose and architects of Ranikot Fort are unknown. However, it is believed that the fort was built during the regimes of the Sassanians, the Scythians, the Parthians or the Bactrian Greeks. Archaeologists point to the 17th century as the time of its first construction but Sindh archaeologists now agree that some of the present structures were reconstructed by Talpurs in 1812 at a cost of 1.2 million rupees (Sindh Gazetteer, 677). The battlements of Ranikot formed the last capital of the Amirs of Sind, when they were brought under the colonial rule of the British Empire. Radiocarbon tests were conducted at the Sann Gate on the charcoal embedded in the mortar of a collapsed pillar of the eastern gate of the fort. These tests have confirmed that this gate was probably renovated between the early part of the 18th century and the early part of the 19th century, prior to Britain invading the fort when the Kalhoras, or most likely the Talpur Mirs of Sindh ruled over the area.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The fort is huge, connecting several bleak mountains of the Kirthar hills along contours, and measures 31 km in length. The fort is interspersed with several bastions in between and three are of semi-circular shape. The northern part of the fort&#39;s perimeter is a natural high hilly formation while on the other three sides it is covered by fort walls. Within this main fort there is a smaller fort known as the "Meeri" which is about 5–6 miles from the entry gate of the main fort, and is reported to have served as the palace of the Mir royal family. The entire fort structure has been built with stone and lime mortar. The fort is built in a zig-zag form, with four entry gates in the shape of a rhomboid. Two of the gates, facing each are crossed diagonally by the Sann river; the first gate is on the western side and is skirted by the river water and is difficult to approach. The southern entry gate has a double doors gate. Within the gates there are two niches which have floral ornamentation and carved stones. The Sann gate is well preserved and can be climbed to reach the top of the fort from both sides to get a scenic view of the terrain around the fort. This gate is also the entrance to the Meeri.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Restoration works were undertaken on the fort, particularly on the Sann Gate complex, the fortification wall extending south including the mosque and the small Meeri fort or palace within the main fort. These were undertaken by the Archaeology department of Pakistan, the Department of Culture of Sindh and the Dadu district administration. Following allegations of poor construction and favoritism in award of contracts an enquiry was instituted in 2005. The Enquiry Commission&#39;s report indicated that the restoration works were poorly done with cement and new stone work without conforming to the "Venice Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites" and recommended stoppage of further work on the fort. Based on this report further restoration work was suspended in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Palcacocha  is a glacier lake in the Andes mountain range of South America in northwestern Peru located in the Ancash Region, Huaraz Province.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Palcacocha is located at 9&deg;23&prime;49&Prime;S latitude, 77&deg;22&prime;47&Prime;W longitude in the Ancash Region in Cordillera Blanca at an elevation of 4,566 m, just below the summits of Palcaraju (6,274 m) and Pucaranra (6,156 m). The lake is one of several lakes supplying the town Huaraz with water, 23 km to the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>1941 mudflow</h2><br>
<p>On the early morning of 13 December 1941 a huge chunk of the adjacent glacier fell into Lake Palcacocha causing the breaking of the moraine walls that limit the lake downhill. The wave hurtled down the Cojup valley, destroying Lake Jiracocha on its way and carrying blocks of ice, large rock boulders and liquid mud towards the Santa River valley. Within 15 minutes the mudslide reached Huaraz, with 400 m³ of debris burying parts of the town and killing approximately 6,000 to 7,000 inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>Recent developments</h2><br>
<p>In April 2003, NASA scientists discovered a fissure in the glacier above Lake Palcacocha on Terra satellite images of November 2001. Their warnings reached Peru just two weeks after the staff of the UGRH (Unidad de Glaciologia y Recursos Hidricos) had done some field mapping of Lake Palcacocha, where a moraine rupture had caused a minor flood on 19 March 2003 which the safety constructions from the 1940s had captured.</p><br>
<p>According to research done by scientists of the Innsbruck university in Austria, the ensuing panic among the inhabitants and economic damage to Huaraz&#39; tourism industry could have been prevented, as from their findings the NASA warnings were a misinterpretation of satellite data.</p><br>
<p>The water volume of Lake Palcacocha has increased significantly in recent years. According to a study by the University of Texas at Austin, the city of Huaraz faces a high risk of flooding from the lake. The volume has grown 34 times since 1970, leading to the declaration of several states of emergency. At the same time, the population of Huaraz has increased from 25 000 in 1941 to around 100 000, many of whom live in the area that was previously flooded.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the UGRH presented plans to lower the water level by 15 meters to decrease the risk of flooding. At the same time, the national government rescinded responsibility for glacier lakes from the UGRH and transferred it to the regional authorities. Since the regional authorities did not come up with the funds to implement the measures proposed by the UGRH, six drainpipes were installed in 2011 which reduced the water level by three meters by July 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Worldwide responsibility</h2><br>
<p>In March 2015, a citizen of Huaraz who is affected by the risk of flooding, Saúl Luciano Lliuya, shifted global interest to the situation at Lake Palcacocha when he sent a letter to the German utility company RWE in which he held them partially accountable for the situation. Luciano Lliuya states that RWE has contributed half a percentage to global climate change through its operations; accordingly, RWE should contribute half a percentage of the costs to reduce the risk of flooding. On April 30, 2015, the company responded by saying that Saúl Luciano Lliuya’s claim had no legal basis and denied any responsibility for the situation.</p><br>
<p>Blackdown, or Black Down, is the highest hill in the historic county of Sussex, at 280 metres . In southeastern England it is exceeded only by Walbury Hill and Leith Hill.</p><br>
<p>It is also the highest point in the South Downs National Park. The pine- and heather-covered slopes are owned by the National Trust and are a favourite walking spot. Blackdown has strong literary associations with the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The great black mass of Blackdown looms over much of the Low Weald of west Sussex and south-west Surrey. Geologically part of the Greensand Ridge and lying on the western margins of the Weald, Blackdown nevertheless lies within the South Downs National Park. It is situated about 1.2 mi south of Haslemere, and its northern slopes in fact lie within the county of Surrey. There are no villages on Blackdown, but Fernhurst is just to the southwest, and Lurgashall to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>There are National Trust car parks on Tennyson&#39;s Lane, which runs up Haste Hill from Haslemere, and a footpath from the town centre. It is also possible to walk to Blackdown from Lurgashall, although this means walking up the steep southern escarpment. Blackdown is crossed by the Sussex Border Path and the Serpent Trail.</p><br>
<p>The secluded sunken lane that runs from Haslemere past Aldworth is named Tennysons Lane in memory of the poet. It is little changed from Arthur Patersons description in 1905: Trees meet overhead, copsewood surrounds it, and later, it is hedged by high sandy banks thickly overgrown with plant and scrub; squirrels and rabbits, and all other small woodland creatures, disport themselves over it. It twists and turns, and to the stranger appears to lead nowhere in particular.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>The acid sandstone of Blackdown limits the range of plants. Until the beginning of the 20th century, Blackdown was a grazed common where trees were kept down by sheep, and heather dominated. After the end of regular grazing Scots Pine became the dominant species. The National Trust now carries out a programme of tree-felling and controlled burning to maintain and regenerate areas of open heath. The reserve has been fenced so that conservation grazing with cattle can be used as a management tool. Blackdown is an important habitat for insects and birds.</p><br>
<p>A geological relief model of Blackdown, and much information on its natural history, can be found in the Haslemere Educational Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although common land, Blackdown was the property of various landowners until W. E. Hunter donated it to the National Trust in 1944, as a memorial to his wife. The Hunters are remembered by an inscribed stone seat at the Temple of the Winds. Flint artefacts show there has been settlement on Blackdown since the mesolithic period, around 6000 BC. The name of an ancient track, pen-y-bos, indicates links with the Celtic world long since lost in more accessible parts of south-east England. (The name "pen-y-bos" comes from the Brythonic language of the ancient Britons that lived in the area - rather like the well-known pen-y-ghent in Yorkshire.) Blackdown is managed by the National Trust, with guidance and financial assistance from the Blackdown Committee of the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>As well as Aldworth House (just visible from the footpath leading down to Roundhurst) and Foxholes (which together formed the estate of Alfred Lord Tennyson), a number of other interesting private houses will be passed by walkers. These include Blackdown House, to the west, surrounded by daffodils in the spring, and Old Manor Farm (previously Upper Roundhurst Farm) on Tennyson&#39;s Lane.</p><br>
<p>Because of its elevation, from 1796 to 1816 Blackdown hosted a station in the shutter telegraph chain which connected the Admiralty in London to its naval ships in Portsmouth.</p><br>
<h2>Lord Tennyson</h2><br>
<p>Helen Allingham was a frequent visitor to Aldworth in Tennyson&#39;s time, and her charming illustrations to The homes of Tennyson vividly capture the landscape of Blackdown.</p><br>
<h2>Blackdown air crash</h2><br>
<p>On Saturday, 4 November 1967, a Caravelle Airliner No. EC-BDD, owned by Iberia Airlines of Spain, crashed; the aircraft was on a scheduled flight from Málaga to Heathrow Airport, and was piloted by Captain Hernando Maura. It broke through a large hedge; parts of the aircraft fell off, destroying a garage, killing a nearby flock of sheep, and damaging parts of the roof of Upper Black Down House as the aircraft disintegrated. The victims were the all-Spanish crew and the passengers, comprising 25 Britons (mostly returning from holiday in Spain), two Americans, two Spaniards and two Australians. The British actress June Thorburn was amongst the passengers.</p><br>
<p>Mother Albania is a 12 m statue located at the National Martyrs Cemetery of Albania  in Albania, dedicated in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The statue figuratively represents the country as a mother guarding over the eternal slumber of those who gave their lives for her. There are 28,000 graves of Albanian partisans in the cemetery, all of whom perished during World War II. The massive statue holds a wreath of laurels and a star. The cemetery was also the resting place of former leader Enver Hoxha, who was subsequently disinterred and given a more humble grave in another public cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The statue is made of concrete and it is a work of the sculptors Kristaq Rama, Muntaz Dhrami and Shaban Hadëri. It stands atop a 3 m pedestal; engraved on the pedestal are the words "Lavdi e perjetshme deshmoreve te Atdheut" ("Eternal Glory to the Martyrs of the Fatherland").</p><br>
<p>The Pongo de Mainique is a Water gap  in Peru, being 45 m wide and 3 km long, with 900 m to 300 m high cliffs.</p><br>
<p>It is the only break in the entire Vilcabamba mountain range. It also divides the Urubamba River (a headwater of the Amazon River) between Upper Urubamba and Lower Urubamba. It is considered the most dangerous whitewater pass on the Urubamba; however, many boats traverse it, depending on seasonal river conditions. It is crossed by the Inca Bridge, ancient secret entrance to the Machu Picchu.</p><br>
<p>It is a global biodiversity hotspot; six square miles of rainforest around the canyon contains more species of life than any other similar-sized area on Earth.</p><br>
<p>The rapids of the Pongo de Mainique were used as a filming location for key scenes of Werner Herzog&#39;s 1982 film Fitzcarraldo starring Klaus Kinski.Source requiring two languages:</p><br>
<p>In a 2006 survey of "15 of the world&#39;s top travel writers" by The Observer, Monty Python actor and BBC travel documentarist Michael Palin named it his "favourite place in the world".</p><br>
<p>Charles Deering Estate  was the Florida home of Charles Deering until 1927 when he died at the estate.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Deering lived on the 444 acre property for five years, from 1922 to 1927. The property consists of a three story wooden house built in 1900, known as the Richmond Cottage, and a three story stone mansion. Other buildings were also built on the property to serve as auxiliary buildings to the estate. Charles Deering Estate is located in the Cutler neighborhood of Palmetto Bay, Florida.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include what is thought to be the largest virgin coastal tropical hardwood hammock in the continental United States. The estate was acquired by the state of Florida in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The house and grounds were featured several times in the 1980s TV series Miami Vice and it was the starting line for The Amazing Race All-Stars in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Richmond Cottage</h3><br>
<p>In 1900 the wooden house was built and soon after S.H. Richmond&#39;s wife, Edith, opened the house as an Inn called the Richmond Cottage. Guests who stayed at the Richmond Cottage, according to the 1900 register of the Inn, include Henry Morrison Flagler and James Ingrahm. The Richmond Cottage was named the most southern hostelry in the continental United States by The Miami Metropolis in 1901.</p><br>
<p>The 1904 City Directory describes Cutler as, "A few houses, with two good stores, those of Tweedell Brothers, and Brown and Moody, each of whom has built up a thriving business with the surrounding country. Cutler has daily mail and three wharves from which boats take freight and passengers to and from Miami. There is one good hotel, the Richmond Cottage which overlooks the bay."</p><br>
<p>Charles Deering bought the Richmond Cottage in 1916 and moved to Cutler in 1922.Metropoliton Dade County Historic Preservation Board. "The Deering Estate" The Charles Deering Estate Historict S.W. 167 Street and Old Cutler Road: Designation Report. Miami: Metro-Dade, 1985. 5,6. Print.</p><br>
<p>This publication can be found at The Main Library. Address: 101 W FLAGLER ST MIAMI, FL 33130 Phone: 305-375-2665</p><br>
<h3>Charles Deering</h3><br>
<p>by Ramon Casas i Carbó</p><br>
<p>Charles Deering was born on July 31, 1852 in Paris, Maine. He was the son of William Deering, founder of Deering Harvester Company, and brother of millionaire industrialist James Deering. Deering is remembered as an American businessman and philanthropist.</p><br>
<p>In 1873 Deering graduated from the United States Naval Academy and served as an officer in the Navy until 1881. Deering then became secretary of his father&#39;s company, which merged with McCormick Harvesting Machine Company and became International Harvester in 1902. After the merger, Deering became the chairman of the board for International Harvester.</p><br>
<p>Charles Deering died at the age of 75 at his estate at Cutler, at 11:30 P.M. on February 5, 1927. After Charles&#39; death, the estate was left to his wife and children.</p><br>
<h3>Cutler Burial Mound</h3><br>
<p>The Cutler Burial Mound is a prehistoric mound on the Charles Deering Estate. It is one of the few surviving prehistoric mounds in Miami-Dade County. The mound is about 38 feet by 20 feet at the base, and about five feet high. Artifacts from the mound are from the Glades II and III periods. The mound has been disturbed repeatedly. Henry Perrine, Jr, son of Henry Perrine, removed several skulls from the mound in the 1860s while searching for Black Caesar&#39;s treasure. Ralph Munroe dug in the mound in the 1890s. In the 20th century, neighborhood children dug in the mound and removed bones and artifacts. Some of those bones have been returned and reburied in the mound. The mound is believed to contain 12 to 18 burials of Native Americans. The mound is accessible via a boardwalk.</p><br>
<h3>Cutler Fossil Site</h3><br>
<p>In 1979 a sinkhole on the Deering Estate was found to contain bones of Pleistocene animals associated with bones and artifacts of early humans. The site was eventually acquired by Miami-Dade County, and is now part of the Charles Deering Estate Park.</p><br>
<h3>Hurricane Andrew</h3><br>
<p>On August 24, 1992, the third most powerful Category 5 hurricane to make landfall in the United States struck South Florida. Hurricane Andrew packed winds of over 170 mph and, "destroyed 25,524 homes and damaged 101,241 others."</p><br>
<p>Hurricane Andrew ravaged and damaged the property of Deering Estate. The water front property was devastated by waves that reached as high as the second floor of the buildings. Water rose more than 16 ft from sea level and caused major flooding on the property. The Richmond Cottage was taken off its foundation and splintered by the hurricane. It took seven years and $7.2 million U. S. Dollars to restore the location. Deering Estate at Cutler reopened to the public in 1999 and officially opened in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>The Deering Estate Foundation</h2><br>
<p>The Deering Estate Foundation, Inc., organized in 1989 and strives, "to raise public awareness, outreach, understanding and the enjoyment of the Deering Estate at Cutler and to raise funds to support education, research, exhibits and collections, natural conservation and historical restoration and preservation." The offices of the foundation are located on the third floor of the Richmond Cottage.</p><br>
<p>Sarasota Bay is a lagoon located off the west coast of Florida in the United States. Though no significant single stream of freshwater enters the bay, with a drainage basin limited to 150 square miles in Manatee and Sarasota Counties, it is generally treated as an estuary, with three "passes" or inlets, giving access from the Gulf of Mexico. Its source of freshwater has been increased from natural historical levels by urban runoff.Noted in</p><br>
<p>National Estuary Program Coastal Condition Report.</p><br>
<p>The bay and its surrounding area appeared on the earliest maps of the area, being named Zarazote on one dating from the early 18th century. Hunting in the area had supported native populations for more than ten thousand years as Florida attracted some of the earliest human settlements in the hemisphere. Following the retreat of the glaciers, ocean levels rose creating the current coastline and the natural bounty of Sarasota Bay provided food for inhabitants for over five thousand years before Europeans began exploration of the area in 1513 and later, establishing settlements along its shores.</p><br>
<p>Sarasota Bay, the largest and deepest coastal bay between Tampa Bay and Charlotte Harbor, is one of twenty-eight estuaries in the country that have been named by the USA Congress as an estuary of national significance. The bay lies between barrier islands called keys, that separate the body of water from the Gulf of Mexico and the Florida mainland. Longboat Key, Lido Key, Siesta Key, and Casey Key are the major keys that delineate the main bay and its smaller portions.</p><br>
<p>Since 1921, when Sarasota County was created, the bay lies in areas governed both by Manatee County and Sarasota County. After Florida became an American state in 1845, large counties were carved up from time to time, to form new and smaller counties. From 1855 to 1921 the bay was governed by Manatee County, and from 1834 to 1855 the bay was governed by Hillsborough County. Governance prior to that has been Spanish, French, English, and during the Civil War, Florida was Confederate. The concept of "governance of natural resources" did not exist among the American Indians who harvested the bounty of Sarasota Bay for thousands of years without diminishing it.</p><br>
<h2>Ecotourism</h2><br>
<p>Ecotourism based on kayak trips is gaining in popularity in Sarasota Bay. Guided kayak trips take kayakers on a tour of the local ecosystem. Kayakers can watch dolphins breach and manatees eat sea grass, in shallow bay water.</p><br>
<p>Lake Apopka is the third largest lake in the USA state of Florida. It is located 15 mi northwest of Orlando, mostly within the bounds of Orange County, although the western part is in Lake County. Fed by a natural spring, rainfall and stormwater runoff, water from Lake Apopka flows through the Apopka-Beauclair Canal and into Lakes Beauclair and Dora. From Lake Dora, water flows into Lake Eustis, then into Lake Griffin and then northward into the Ocklawaha River, which flows into the St. Johns River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Through the 1940s, Lake Apopka was one of Central Florida’s main attractions. Anglers traveled from throughout the United States to fish for trophy-sized bass in Lake Apopka, and 21 fish camps lined the lake’s shoreline.</p><br>
<p>Lake Apopka has a history of more than 100 years of human alteration, beginning with construction of the Apopka-Beauclair Canal in 1888. In 1941, a levee was built along the north shore to drain 20,000 acres (80 km²) of shallow marsh for farming. The discharge of water, rich in nutrients from agricultural and other sources, produced conditions that created a chronic algal bloom and resulted in loss of the lake’s recreational value and game fish populations.</p><br>
<p>In July 1980, Tower Chemical Company (TCC), a local pesticide manufacturer, improperly disposed of significant amounts of DDE, a known endocrine disruptor, along with other toxic chemicals. As a result, these chemicals spilled into Lake Apopka, and the US Environmental Protection Agency was alerted. TCC shut down their operations in December 1980. In 1981, an EPA investigation began and the site was decommissioned and designated as a Superfund clean-up site. Despite their efforts, some of the chemicals seeped into the Florida aquifer and have proliferated into some of Central Floridas interconnected lakes and waterways. This chemical has caused health problems in much of the lakes wildlife population, and has caused infertility and other sexual disorders in several species, including alligators.</p><br>
<p>In 1991, a coalition of real estate interests from the West Orange Community organized the Friends of Lake Apopka (FOLA) with the goal of reclaiming the lake from the agricultural interests who were discharging phosphorus laden water into the lake basin. Water from the lake was used to flood the farm fields during the hot summer months to restrict erosion and then discharged back to the lake before the growing season. A series of canals and high capacity pumps allowed the water to be introduced for irrigation and flooding or to discharge it when necessary. The phosphate laden water created a hypereutrophic condition resulting in algal blooms, robbing the lake water of oxygen and sunlight necessary to sustain plant life on the lake bottom. Over the decades, this condition caused the sandy bottom lake to be covered by a deep layer of muck.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, Governor Lawton Chiles signed the Lake Apopka Restoration Act that provided funding to purchase the farmland responsible for the discharges. The shuttering of the farms allowed for the St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD) to begin plans to convert the fields back to the marsh area it had once been. A survey was taken of the site that identified the hot spots that contained chemical contamination, and cleanup was initiated.</p><br>
<h3>North Shore Enhancement Area (NSEA)</h3><br>
<p>Historically, more than 85 percent of the phosphorus going into Lake Apopka was from farms on the lake’s north shore. To combat this problem, the District and the USA Department of Agriculture (USDA) purchased almost all of the farms for restoration between 1988 and 2001. This contributed to reducing discharges of excessive nutrients from farms to the lake.</p><br>
<p>The 1996 Lake Apopka Improvement and Management Act authorized the District to set a phosphorus concentration target. Subsequently, the District established a restoration phosphorus-loading target for Lake Apopka of 15.9 metric tons of phosphorus per year. This represents a 75 percent reduction from 1989–1994 farming discharges. The target was later adopted as a total maximum daily load (TMDL) for the lake, which has a goal of attaining an in-lake total phosphorus concentration of 55 parts per billion (ppb).</p><br>
<p>Restoration of wetlands on the NSEA can reduce storm water discharges to Lake Apopka and related nutrient loading, accelerating the enhancement of the lake. The innovative restoration and remediation plan for the NSEA focuses on infrastructure requirements, soil inversion and soil amendment work needed to prepare the system for wetland restoration. The soil inversion process was developed as a remediation method to address the high levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) found in organic surface soils (the top 30 centimeters (cm) of soil). The pesticides remain in the organic soils from years of farm pesticide applications. The inversion process used modified farm equipment to plow up to one meter deep and essentially flip the soil, bringing up uncontaminated soil to the surface and covering the contaminated surface layer of soil. The work was completed in May 2009 and it helped ensure that OCPs were unable to enter the food chain. The inversion process reduced contaminants in the biologically active soil layer to safe levels on about 1,600 hectares (4,000 acres) in the NSEA.</p><br>
<p>Soils in the NSEA also contained excess nutrients such as phosphorus due to many years of agricultural production. Applying a “soil amendment,” which is a drinking water treatment residual, helps to trap excess phosphorus in soils. This helps mitigate the release of phosphorus from the soil to overlying water when the area is reflooded. The soil amendment was applied to about 2,800 hectares (7,000 acres) in the NSRA and was mostly complete in 2009.</p><br>
<p>As infrastructure construction is completed for each phase, a biological assessment is prepared for review and submitted to the USA Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). With USFWS concurrence, saturation and restoration flooding begins. The infrastructure is designed to help establish full wetland habitat with a wide range of water levels. The infrastructure also allows water transfer among different areas within the NSEA to minimize the need to discharge waters to the lake.</p><br>
<p>As each new phase is flooded and naturally populated with wildlife, fish samples are routinely collected and analyzed to ensure that pesticide levels in their tissues are below established safe levels for fish-eating birds. Newly flooded phases are carefully monitored for at least one year to ensure that any accumulation of pesticides through the aquatic food web do not present a risk to water birds. In addition, weekly bird surveys are conducted to monitor usage and to ensure that problems are detected quickly. As of January 2011 nearly 4,000 hectares (9,870 acres) are in various stages of reflooding.</p><br>
<p>On February 20, 2014, the Lake Apopka Loop Trail, which goes through the NSEA, was opened to the public.</p><br>
<h3>The Marsh Flow-Way</h3><br>
<p>The Marsh Flow-Way, which is a constructed wetland, is located along the northwest shore of Lake Apopka and west of the Apopka-Beauclair Canal. It began operation in November 2003 and the goal of the project is to remove phosphorus and suspended material already in Lake Apopka water.</p><br>
<p>The system covers approximately 760 acres and contains four individual wetland cells, in addition to levees, canals and ditches. The Marsh Flow-Way treats water pumped into it from Lake Apopka. The lake’s water has excessive amounts of phosphorus, algae and suspended matter. Water flows west to east and is controlled by screw gates and riser boards in the individual cells. Treated water from all cells collects in a pump basin, where water is pumped into the Apopka Beauclair Canal. Most of the cleaner, treated water returns to Lake Apopka, while the remainder flows downstream toward Lake County Water Authority’s nutrient removal facility (NuRF).</p><br>
<p>Dominant vegetation communities growing in flow-way cells are shallow marsh and shrub swamp species. Shallow marsh includes species such as pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), arrowhead (Sagittaria lancifolia), cattail (Typha sp.), while shrub swamp includes primrose willow (Ludwigia peruviana), and some Salix spp. Open water areas are common in wetland cells.</p><br>
<p>As incoming lake water passes through the Marsh Flow-Way’s emergent vegetation, the water’s flow rate slows and suspended particles, which contain phosphorus and other nutrients, settle out of the water column. The accumulating settled organic particles, along with settled decayed wetland vegetation, form new organic material layers, which overlay native soils. Retention time of lake water within the flow-way system typically ranges between two and seven days in the individual wetland cells. Water depths in the system can vary between 30 to 45 cm.</p><br>
<p>Like all ecologically engineered systems, the performance of the flow-way is seasonally variable. Typically, best performance is in cooler months (October through May), while poorer performance is in warm months (June through September). During the long-term (seven years of operation), performance is similar to initial predictions. On the long-term (through 2010), the system removes about 28 percent (2.7 metric tons per year) of the incoming total phosphorus load, and about 90 percent (4,500 metric tons per year) of the incoming total suspended solid load.</p><br>
<h3>Harvesting gizzard shad</h3><br>
<p>Removing gizzard shad from the lake removes the phosphorus contained in the shad’s bodies as well as reduces the internal recycling of phosphorus within the lake. This improves water clarity by reducing the number of algae, which depend upon phosphorus for growth.</p><br>
<p>Harvesting shad from other lakes has resulted in an improved food web, reduced algae, improved water clarity and improved conditions for game fish populations. This procedure may produce the same results in Lake Apopka.</p><br>
<p>Through the fall of 2011, gizzard shad harvesting has removed about 8,400 metric tons (18.5 million pounds) of fish from the lake. This equates to removing about 58 metric tons (129,000 pounds) of phosphorus and 175 metric tons (387,000 pounds) of nitrogen via fish tissue, directly from the lake. In addition, the projected nutrient recycling reduction to the lake from gizzard shad feeding impacts is about 146 metric tons (322,000 pounds) of phosphorus and about 862 metric tons (1.9 million pounds) of nitrogen.</p><br>
<h3>Restoring aquatic habitat</h3><br>
<p>The District has planted wetland plant species behind protective barriers in Lake Apopka to provide habitat for fish and wildlife. These planting efforts are becoming less necessary as the lake’s water quality and clarity improve and native aquatic plants re-establish themselves.</p><br>
<p>An ongoing effort is under way to map the locations and extent of more than 350 native submersed plant beds. This total number varies from year to year.</p><br>
<p>Improved water clarity has also made it possible for the nonnative invasive plant hydrilla to grow in the lake. Hydrilla can quickly outcompete native plants, so staff efforts are also focused on locating and treating these undesirable plants with herbicides.</p><br>
<h3>Challenges</h3><br>
<p>Restoring Florida’s most polluted large lake has come with unforeseen problems. An estimated 676 birds died on former farms at Lake Apopka during late 1998 and early 1999. Most were American white pelicans, wood storks and great blue herons. Organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues remaining from agricultural practices were primary the cause of bird deaths. Birds accumulated OCPs by consuming contaminated fish. The District has conducted research to better understand the accumulation of OCPs through the food chain, from contaminated soil to fish, and from fish to fish-eating birds. The knowledge generated guides restoration of the former farmlands at Lake Apopka and is applicable to other projects designed to restore ecosystems impacted by agriculture.</p><br>
<h3>Water quality improvements in Lake Apopka</h3><br>
<p>Lake Apopka has responded to the reductions in external phosphorus loading from the watershed to the lake with improved lake water quality. Total phosphorus, chlorophyll and Secchi transparency showed improving trends between 1987 and 2010. However, during this 23-year period, three events contributed to a worsening of water quality within a given year. The first coincided with a storm in March 1993. However, the improving trend in water quality resumed the following year. The second occurred in 2001 and 2002 at the end of a severe drought. The lake lost nearly 80 percent of its volume and total phosphorus concentrations increased. However, the improving trend continued the following year. Total phosphorus concentrations between 2004 and 2006 were under 100 ppb and approached the TMDL target of 55 ppb. These long-term improvements persisted despite the hurricanes in 2004 and 2005. The most-recent event was a severe drought in 2007 and 2008, in which the lake lost up to 52 percent of its volume. Total phosphorus concentrations increased sharply at low lake stages, but total phosphorus concentrations declined again in 2009 and continued to decline and water quality continues to improve in 2010. The most recent data (September 2011) indicate that total phosphorus concentrations were 80 ppb (a decrease of 62 percent compared to the baseline period), chlorophyll a was 52 ppb (decrease of 36 percent), and water transparency (Secchi depth) was 37 cm, (increase of 53 percent).</p><br>
<h3>Summary of accomplishments</h3><br>
<p>The District&#39;s Governing Board approved a rule in 2002 limiting the amount of phosphorus that can be discharged into Lake Apopka or its tributaries as a result of new construction in the lake’s watershed. The District has collaborated with local, state and federal agencies to:</p><br>
<p>Purchase more than 7,700 hectares (19,000 acres) of agricultural land along the lake’s north shore, reducing the discharge of phosphorus from the farms and providing an opportunity to restore the former marshes to wetlands. About 4,000 hectares have been restored to wetlands</p><br>
<p>Operate the marsh flow-way. Through 2010, the marsh flow-way has removed about 19 metric tons of total phosphorus and about 32,000 metric tons of total suspended solids from Lake Apopka water</p><br>
<p>Harvest gizzard shad. From 1993 through December 2010, removed more than 58 metric tons of phosphorus and 175 metric tons of nitrogen in fish tissue from the lake</p><br>
<p>Replant six native wetland species of vegetation in the water along the lake’s shoreline, which helps restore fish and wildlife habitat</p><br>
<p>Work with the Friends of Lake Apopka and the East Central Florida Regional Planning Council to develop a plan to ensure that future development does not negatively impact the lake</p><br>
<p>St. Anns Garrison, or more commonly known as "The Garrison", is a small district located in the country of Barbados. This Garrison Historic Area is situated about 2 miles south of Heroes Square in the capital-city Bridgetown, and just west of the village of Hastings in the neighbouring parish of Christ Church. It is dominated by its historic horse race-track, located on the 30 acre parade ground called the Garrison Savannah. The Garrison area additionally contains many historic buildings including barracks for military personnel. The district is bisected by Highway 7, with Saint Anns Fort, where the Barbados Defence Force  is based, lying to the west.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During both the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the Garrison was the base and headquarters for members of the British West India Regiment in Barbados. In 1751, the future leader of the American Revolution and first president of the United States, George Washington, stayed with his sick brother at the districts Bush Hill section for six weeks. This restored property remains as a fixture at the Garrison where it is simply called the George Washington House&#39;. By the middle of the eighteenth century, wealthy prominent Barbadians and regiment troops started the sporting tradition of horse racing at the Garrison racetrack.</p><br>
<p>On 30 November 1966 the Garrison Historic Area was the location where the ceremony was held for the lowering of the Union Flag (the flag of the United Kingdom), and the raising of the Barbados flag, thus ushering in full independence for the country of Barbados from the United Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of historically significant buildings at the location, other than George Washington House. Many of these housed the Regiment units of the British Garrison, including the building that houses the Barbados Museum and surrounding buildings. Evidence of this includes prison cells of the former Garrison.</p><br>
<p>Pilgrim Baptist Church is a historic church located on the south side of Chicago, Illinois, USA. The landmarked building was originally constructed for a synagogue, Kehilath Anshe Maarav. The church is notable both as an architectural landmark and for the cultural contributions by the congregation of the church. Located at 3301 S. Indiana Ave, the church is in the heart of Chicagos Bronzeville neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed as a synagogue by Chicago architects Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler, and built in 1890 and 1891. Originally, the structure was the home of Kehilath Anshe Ma&#39;ariv, an important congregation in the development of Reform Judaism; Adler was a member, and his father was a rabbi. That congregation continues as K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple.</p><br>
<p>A Baptist congregation moved into the building in 1922, forming Pilgrim Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>The church is credited as the birthplace of gospel music in the 1930s. Thomas A. Dorsey, the "Father of Gospel Music", was the music director at Pilgrim Baptist for decades. Albertina Walker, Mahalia Jackson, Aretha Franklin, Sallie Martin, James Cleveland, The Staples Singers, and The Edwin Hawkins Singers are among those who have sung at the church.</p><br>
<p>Famous members of the congregation include Bessie Coleman. The church also hosted the funeral service of boxer Jack Johnson in 1946, and was prominent in the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered sermons at the church during the height of the movement.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the building was designated a Chicago Landmark in 1981. It housed a large series of murals painted by the African-American painter William E. Scott between 1936 and 1937. Pilgrims charismatic and forward-thinking pastor Junius C. Austin hired both Scott and Dorsey in the 1930s to increase the churchs appeal making it one of the largest churches in the country in just a few years.</p><br>
<h2>Fire</h2><br>
<p>On January 6, 2006, a fire broke out that spread and gutted the building. Investigators concluded that the fire was started accidentally by workers performing roof repairs during a $500,000 restoration. The roofers were fitting metal coping, which is sealed with a blowtorch. Consumed in the fire were decades of historical records, along with boxes full of Dorsey&#39;s original sheet music. An elementary school across the street had to be evacuated, and the nearby Illinois College of Optometry building had windows destroyed by the high temperatures of the fire. Cars parked alongside the church were "virtually incinerated."</p><br>
<p>After the fire, the brick and stone of the outer walls still stood near-complete and were determined to be structurally sound. A steel support skeleton was later attached to the outside to brace the walls for a possible later reconstruction of the interior of the building and restoration of the façade.</p><br>
<p>The congregation now meets in a building across the street from the burnt out structure.</p><br>
<h2>Reconstruction plans</h2><br>
<p>Following the devastating fire that destroyed all but the exterior masonry walls of Pilgrim Baptist Church, the congregation committed to reconstructing the church on the current site. Sufficient documentation exists to ensure an accurate reproduction of the church, allowing for necessary alterations related to current liturgical and code requirements.</p><br>
<p>The target period for reconstruction of Pilgrim Baptist is the 1920s–1930s era. This period was chosen because it was during this time that, as Pilgrim Baptist Church, the most significant events associated with the building, including the rise of gospel music, occurred. At the same time, the building itself retained most of the physical elements that characterized its original design as a synagogue by Adler & Sullivan.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the structure will be reconstructed to include all of the character-defining features of its original construction, which survived into the 1920s. At the interior, the sanctuary will be reconstructed to include all of the character-defining features of its original construction, with necessary modifications to accommodate modern accessibility and church usage requirements.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Although some news reports confused the two buildings, this is not the same Pilgrim Baptist Church as that used as the "Triple Rock" church in the movie The Blues Brothers, which stands on 91st Street several miles to the south.</p><br>
<p>Muskrat Lake is located in the Whitewater Region of Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada. Said to be the home of the lake monster Mussie. Muskrat Lake drains into Muskrat River. Other than a few cottages and campgrounds, Cobden, is the only community on the lake&#39;s shore. Along its eastern shores is Sturgeon Mountain</p><br>
<p>Like many other lakes Muskrat Lake was formed about 10,000 years ago when the glaciers of the last ice age receded. At that point it was superseded by the much larger Champlain Sea. Due to glacial recession the sea was brackish, its salt levels rising and falling over the years making it somewhat salty and somewhat fresh. About 6,000 years ago the water level dropped and the champlain sea disappeared, leaving behind the present day lakes and rivers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Muskrat Lake region was originally inhabited by the Nibachis, a sub-division of the native, Algonquin speaking, tribes of North America. The first European explorer to reach the area was Samuel de Champlain and a description of his encounter with the natives survived from his chronicles:</p><br>
<p>In 1837 explorer David Thompson set out to mark a route for a proposed canal from the Ottawa River to Georgian Bay. The canal was to travel up Muskrat River and through Muskrat Lake, but never materialized. Thwarted by lack of supplies, Thompson never completed his survey. By the 1850s Railways were more fashionable for transport and so interest in the idea fizzled. In the 1870s Muskrat Lake was being used as a means to avoid rapids in the Ottawa River such as the Calumet rapids and the dangerous stretches of the river between Lac des Chats and Coulonge Lake. This route, traveled by steamers owned by Mr. Jason Gould, led to the establishment of villages such as Beachburg which was founded in 1840 and Cobden in 1849.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Muskrat Lake has a thriving ecology which, to the disdain of local swimmers, encourages the growth of notoriously lush seaweed. Obviously though this has the opposite reaction on fishing enthusiast who come year round to catch pike, walleye, pickerel, and lake trout. It is not recommended to eat the fish in this lake due to high levels of phosphorus and green algae. The municipal dock, located at the south end of the lake, is a regular meeting spot for bird watchers; who have caught sight of Franklin&#39;s gull among other birds.</p><br>
<p>Notable Tributaries Include:</p><br>
<p>Snake River</p><br>
<p>Muskrat River</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/8vcv310.txt</p><br>
<p>Cobden Then And Now - By: George A. Wallace</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Harania Creek is the name of the shallow estuarine waterway in the Mangere Inlet on the Manukau Harbour, Auckland, New Zealand. The area extends from 1,500 m east of the Mangere Bridge when the tide is fully out, for 1 kilometre to the end of the harbour in the heart of Mangere.</p><br>
<p>The waterway system is fed by a number of small open and piped creeks which bring runoff from residential, industrial and park areas in Otahuhu, Mangere East, and Favona. The largest of these fresh water runoffs is the Mangere East catchment which emerges from behind the Pacific Steel reclamation.</p><br>
<p>The creek is bound by mangroves in its upper reaches. These mangroves emerged from approximately 1970s onwards, following the end of significant emissions from several large slaughterhouses. The mangrove roots create a tight course for the creek, which has deepened over time.</p><br>
<p>The area has been the subject of study into the geomorphology of fresh water flowing through a tidal system by the Auckland University Geology Department. This looked at changing sea levels over time.</p><br>
<p>Lake Memphremagog  is a fresh water glacial lake located between Newport, Vermont, United States and Magog, Quebec, Canada. The lake spans both Quebec and Vermont, but is mostly in Quebec. Most of the watershed that feeds the lake is located in Vermont, and is a source for accumulated phosphorus, sediments and other pollutants. Cleanup efforts since the late 1980s have improved the water quality. The lake furnishes potable  water for 200,000 people.</p><br>
<h2>Physical characteristics</h2><br>
<p>The lake is 31 mi long with 73 percent of the lake&#39;s surface area in Quebec, where it drains into the Magog River. However, three-quarters of its watershed, 489 square miles, is in Vermont. The total is 687 square miles, with 198 square miles located in Quebec. In Vermont, the lake lies in parts of the towns of Derby and Newport, in addition to the City of Newport, all in Orleans County. In Quebec, the lake lies in parts of Austin, Magog, Ogden, Potton, Saint-Benoît-du-Lac, and Stanstead Township, all in Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality. The lake occupies most of what the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources calls "Basin 17". At the very south end of the lake, there is the South Bay, connected by the narrowest part of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lake elevation is approximately 682 ft above mean sea level. Both ends of the lake are fairly shallow, with depth ranges of 20 ft to 30 ft. The lake bottom takes a dramatic drop in Canada, starting opposite Mont Owl&#39;s Head and continuing that way north to Gibraltar Point, where it starts to climb back to the shallows of the north end. Its maximum recorded depth of 351 ft is located in Canada, opposite Jewett Point (at approximately 45.111621&deg;N latitude, 72.278491&deg;W longitude). The lake is the third deepest in Vermont. It contains 21 islands. Province Island, the largest, is divided by the international border.</p><br>
<p>The lake is irregular in shape, and along its shores are several striking indentations, in some places low, and in some other parts high and rocky. Along the western shore of the lake are several mountains, prominent among which are Owls Head, Elephantis, and the Hogs Back.</p><br>
<h3>Islands</h3><br>
<p>There are twenty one islands on Lake Memphremagog. Of these, five are in the United States, one is international, and fifteen are in Canada. Many of the islands have had several names throughout history; the current names are provided.</p><br>
<h4>Islands in the United States</h4><br>
<p>Horseneck Island (at approximately 44.964724&deg;N latitude, 72.202708&deg;W longitude) is the southernmost island on the lake and is near the eastern shore.</p><br>
<p>Bell Island (at approximately 44.991006&deg;N latitude, 72.209435&deg;W longitude) is one of the Twin Sister islands (the other being Black Island) and is south of Gull Rocks and Black Island.</p><br>
<p>Gull Rocks (at approximately 44.993100&deg;N latitude, 72.213430&deg;W longitude) is north of Bell Island and south of Black Island.</p><br>
<p>Black Island (at approximately 44.995945&deg;N latitude, 72.209696&deg;W longitude) is one of the Twin Sister islands (the other being Bell Island) and is north of Gull Rocks and Bell Island.</p><br>
<p>Cove Island (at approximately 44.996791&deg;N latitude, 72.204096&deg;W longitude) is east of Black Island.</p><br>
<h4>International Islands</h4><br>
<p>Province Island (at approximately 45.008640&deg;N latitude, 72.232398&deg;W longitude) is crossed by the international boundary. About one tenth of the southern end of the island is in the United States; the remainder is in Canada.</p><br>
<h4>Islands in Canada</h4><br>
<p>Tea Table Island (at approximately 45.014670&deg;N latitude, 72.221026&deg;W longitude) is north-northeast of Province Island, west of Reid Bay, and south of the Cedarville Wharf.</p><br>
<p>Round Island (at approximately 45.044951&deg;N latitude, 72.270706&deg;W longitude) is near the western shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Whetstone Island (at approximately 45.053054&deg;N latitude, 72.235773&deg;W longitude) is on the eastern shore at the entrance to Fitch Bay and is south of Gull Island. It is named for the novaculite oil stone that was mined there.</p><br>
<p>Gull Island (at approximately 45.058500&deg;N latitude, 72.233473&deg;W longitude) is north of Whetstone Island and at the entrance to Fitch Bay.</p><br>
<p>Loon Island (at approximately 45.076915&deg;N latitude, 72.219525&deg;W longitude) is in Fitch Bay.</p><br>
<p>Minnow Island (at approximately 45.058754&deg;N latitude, 72.264065&deg;W longitude) is east of Skinner&#39;s island.</p><br>
<p>Skinner&#39;s Island (at approximately 45.059246&deg;N latitude, 72.266790&deg;W longitude) is west of Minnow Island and south of Long Island.</p><br>
<p>Long Island (at approximately 45.065680&deg;N latitude, 72.268839&deg;W longitude) is north of Skinner&#39;s Island.</p><br>
<p>Molson&#39;s Island (at approximately 45.095514&deg;N latitude, 72.270728&deg;W longitude) is on the eastern shore.</p><br>
<p>Lord&#39;s Island (at approximately 45.173796&deg;N latitude, 72.238638&deg;W longitude).</p><br>
<p>Eagle Island (at approximately 45.236088&deg;N latitude, 72.184592&deg;W longitude) is north of Hermitage Point and west of Hermitage Bay.</p><br>
<p>Three Sisters (at approximately 45.245123&deg;N latitude, 72.178455&deg;W longitude, 45.245822&deg;N latitude, 72.177972&deg;W longitude, and 45.247726&deg;N latitude, 72.176727&deg;W longitude) are three small islands that are grouped together.</p><br>
<p>Charest Island (at approximately 45.263381&deg;N latitude, 72.160739&deg;W longitude) is the northernmost island on the lake and is in Magog, Quebec.</p><br>
<h3>Hydrology</h3><br>
<p>Four Vermont rivers directly empty into the lake: the Clyde, Barton, the Black and the Johns River.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the winter, the ice on the lake can become 3 ft thick.</p><br>
<p>The Magog River, in Quebec, drains the lake towards the northeast. The hydroelectric producing Memphemagog Dam, on the Magog River, regulates the water level of the lake. The water level of the lake is governed by a treaty signed in 1935 between the United States and Canada</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>During the ice age, the lake was a proglacial lake which covered Lake Magog, Lake Brompton, and much of the Saint François watershed including East Angus, Sherbrooke, and Windsor.</p><br>
<h3>Ecology</h3><br>
<p>Like many other lakes, Memphremagog is accumulating phosphorus, sediments, and other pollutants, primarily runoff from farms, but from other sources as well. Exotic species infestations are a concern, with an existing Eurasian water milfoil population and the potential for a zebra mussel infestation. Since the 1970s, significant efforts have been made to reduce the polluting effects of direct discharges into the lake and its tributaries, and lake quality has improved.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, the Lake Memphremagog Watershed Association was formed to focus on solving lake and river issues. Testing done in 2008 was unable to determine the cause of excessive nitrogen and phosphorus. In 2010, a study revealed that farms contribute disproportionately to nutrient loads. Although farms have 16% of total land use in the drainage area, they produce 44% of the runoff. Baseline nutrients for a lake are 14 micrograms of phosphorus per litre of water. The lake was measured at 17 micrograms, 18% above the standard. Although the acreage devoted to farming has decreased, the retired land has most often been developed, itself a source of runoff.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of name</h2><br>
<p>The lake is within the larger territory originally inhabited by the Abenaki tribe. The lake&#39;s name, Memphremagog, is derived from the Algonkian language:</p><br>
<p>Memphremagog comes from the word Memrahabegek, which means "where there is a big expanse of water".</p><br>
<p>Memphremagog was also pronounced as "Mamphremagog". This came from the Abenakis&#39; Mamlawbagak which signifies "a long and large sheet of water". The prefix mamlaw denotes largeness or abundance; the particule baga denotes water; and "k" marks the name as given in local term.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1753, the Abenakis brought the ransomed John Stark down the lake and came ashore where Newport is now.</p><br>
<p>Rogers&#39; Rangers were forced to retreat south following their attack on Saint-Francis, Quebec in 1759. To confound their avenging pursuers, they split up on the east shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The first accurate depiction of the map was in 1776. This marks the beginning of interest by settlers.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain Maid paddlewheeler operated from 1850 to 1870. The Lady of the Lake steam excursion/ferry paddlewheeler started operating in 1867. It stopped operations in 1917. It was based in Newport. The Anthemis steamer was built in 1909 to carry 300 people. It stopped operating after 1945.</p><br>
<p>In August 1942, a single-engined Royal Canadian Air Force training plane crashed into the lake near the west shore near Newport, killing the pilot, its only occupant.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the USA Fish and Wildlife Service accepted a bequest of 420 acre undeveloped land on the shores the lake on Eagle Point along the border with Canada.</p><br>
<h3>Memphre</h3><br>
<p>Lake Memphremagog allegedly contains a cryptid named Memphre (or Memphré), which has received sightings since the 18th century and continues on in the folklore of the area. A sighting of Memphre was reported in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Lighthouses</h2><br>
<p>Lake Memphremagog is known to have had at least three lighthouses on the Vermont side and seven on the Quebec side. These were used in aiding boaters in navigating the waters of the large lake.</p><br>
<h3>Vermont lighthouses</h3><br>
<p>All three of the original lighthouses have been demolished.</p><br>
<h4>Maxfield Point Light</h4><br>
<p>The Maxfield Point Light was a small lighthouse constructed on the Vermont side of Lake Memphremagog in 1879. A conical, cast iron structure, it was 25 feet (7.6 m) tall, with a focal plane 40 feet (12.2 m) above sea level. It showed a fixed white light, visible for 10 (16 km) miles. The lighthouse no longer exists; it is unknown what happened to it, or when it was deactivated.</p><br>
<h4>Newport Wharf Light</h4><br>
<p>The Newport Wharf Light was a tower that was built in the Newport section of Lake Memphremagog in 1879. The lighthouse was a steel skeleton tower, painted red, that was fixed on a concrete foundation. The tower showed a fixed red light that was visible for up to 12 mi, with the height of the focal plane being 37 feet (11.2 m). As with the Maxfield Point Lighthouse, the date this lighthouse was demolished is unknown.</p><br>
<h4>Whipple Point Light</h4><br>
<p>Whipple Point Light was a tower that was built on the end of a pier on Whipple Point in Lake Memphremagog. Built in 1879, the tower was constructed of wood in a hexagonal shape and stood 13 feet (4 m). The light was fixed white and was visible from up to 10 mi away, with a focal plane of 25 feet (7.6 m). The lighthouse was deactivated around 1906 and was demolished at an unknown date.</p><br>
<h3>Quebec lighthouses</h3><br>
<p>Most of the Quebec lighthouses were originally established in 1878. None of the original lighthouses have survived, although some of them have been replaced by simple navigation lights. From north to south, the lighthouses were:</p><br>
<h4>Magog Lighthouse</h4><br>
<p>Magog Lighthouse was located on a freight shed and had a fixed red light with a range of 8 mi. It was built in 1910 and located near Magog. It was demolished on an unknown date.</p><br>
<h4>Witch Shoal Lighthouse</h4><br>
<p>Witch Shoal Lighthouse was located about 0.5 mi southwest of Magog. The original lighthouse was built in 1878 as a 21 ft white square wooden tower on a pier. It had a fixed white dioptric light located at a height of 19 ft above the high water mark and with a range of 9 mi. It was rebuilt in 1900. In April 1933, it was destroyed by pressure from the ice caused by the rising level of the lake. It was rebuilt in 1960 as a small metal tower, which was swept away by spring ice in 1978. Since 1980, the mast that replaced it is left in place only from May to October each year. The tower is 23 ft high with a fixed white light that has a range of 9 mi and a focal plane of 28 ft. The aid is owned by the Coast Guard and maintained by a private contractor.</p><br>
<h4>Black Point Lighthouse</h4><br>
<p>Black Point Lighthouse was located on the western side of the lake, about 3 mi southwest from Witch Shoal lighthouse. It was also known as the Green Point Lighthouse. It was built in 1878 as a 22 ft white square wooden tower. It had a fixed white catoptric light located at a height of 24 ft above the high water mark and with a range of 8 mi. It had a focal plane of 22 ft. It was rebuilt in 1914 and demolished on an unknown date.</p><br>
<h4>Wadleigh's Point Lighthouse</h4><br>
<p>Wadleigh&#39;s Point Lighthouse was located on the western side of the lake, about 4 mi southwest of Black Point lighthouse. It was also known as the Bryant Landing Light and was near Austin. The original lighthouse was built in 1878 as a 22-foot white square wooden tower with a fixed white catoptric light located at a height of 30 ft above the high water mark and with a range of 8 mi. In approximately 1914, that was replaced by a square pyramidal skeletal tower with enclosed lantern. In 1939, that was replaced by a 18 ft square skeletal tower with enclosed lantern. In 1980, that was replaced by a modern 22 ft steel tower with a fixed white light that has a range of 8 mi. The still-active light is installed from May to October each year.</p><br>
<h4>Chateau de Silva Lighthouse</h4><br>
<p>Chateau de Silva Lighthouse was located on the western side of the lake at the Revere House (formerly the Chateau de Silva) hotel wharf, approximately 5 mi southwest of the Wadleigh&#39;s Point lighthouse. It was built in 1878 as a 22 ft white square wooden tower with a fixed white catoptric light located at a height of 20 ft above the high water mark and with a range of 8 mi. The light had a focal plane of 20 ft. It was demolished on an unknown date.</p><br>
<h4>Molson's Island Lighthouse</h4><br>
<p>Molsons Island Lighthouse was located on the southwest point of Molsons Island, approximately 2 mi southeast of the Chateau de Silva lighthouse. This was on the eastern side of the lake, near Georgeville. It was built in 1878 as a 22 ft white square wooden tower with a fixed white catoptric light located at a height of 28 ft above the high water mark and with a range of 8 mi. The light had a focal plane of 28 ft. It was rebuilt in 1914 and demolished on an unknown date. The light was replaced with a lighted buoy.</p><br>
<h4>Lead Mines Lighthouse</h4><br>
<p>Lead Mines Lighthouse was located on the western side of the lake, approximately 4 mi southwest of the Molsons Island lighthouse. This was near Leadville, at the foot of Mount Owls Head. It was built in 1878 as a 22 ft white square wooden tower with a fixed white catoptric light located at a height of 20 feet above the high water mark and with a range of 8 mi. The light had a focal plane of 22 ft. It was rebuilt in 1914 and demolished on an unknown date.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The watershed in Vermont is largely agricultural and forest land with residential development increasing in recent years in both Vermont and Quebec.</p><br>
<p>The lake furnishes potable (drinking) water for 200,000 people.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 a day cruise ship started summer operations on the Canadian side of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Sargent's Bay Yacht Club</h2><br>
<p>Sargents Bay Yacht Club, despite its name, is a small childrens dinghy sailing club based out of Sargent&#39;s Bay. It operates throughout eight weeks of the summer, hosting up to 40 campers a week, with a staff of five to seven. It was started in 1935 by several families in the bay, with the goal of teaching their children the basics of the sport they all cherished so much, sailing. Since 1935, the Fisher family has graciously allowed the operation of the club to continue on their property.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Lake Memphremagog is mentioned in a novel by Chris Bohjalian, Close Your Eyes, Hold Hands, in which the lake is the site of a nuclear reactor that has suffered a cataclysmic meltdown.</p><br>
<p>Lake Memphremagog is mentioned in Northwest Passage, a historical novel by Kenneth Roberts about the 1759 Rogers&#39; Rangers raid. In Northwest Passage, the 1940 film based on the novel, Spencer Tracy uses a map that shows Lake Memphremagog and the environs.</p><br>
<p>The 1986 film The Decline of the American Empire was shot at Lake Memphremagog from September to October 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Canadian band The Tragically Hip mentions Lake Memphremagog in their 2002 unreleased song"&#39;Problem Bears", part of their In Violet Light album sessions.</p><br>
<p>Lake Memphremagog was mentioned and depicted in Disappearances, a 2006 film by director Jay Craven starring Kris Kristofferson, and co-starring Charlie McDermott and Geneviève Bujold.</p><br>
<p>Fictional versions of the lake appear in Howard Frank Moshers books about the Northeast Kingdom of Vermont, including Gods Kingdom (St. Martin&#39;s Press, 2015).</p><br>
<p>Mackworth Island is an approximately 100 acre island in Falmouth, Maine, USA, adjacent to its border with Portland, Maine. In 1631, Sir Ferdinando Gorges gave the island to Arthur Mackworth, his deputy in Casco Bay, and the island has retained his name. There is a causeway connecting the island to the mainland in Falmouth. Visitors to the island must pass by a tollhouse; cars can enter the island but parking is limited. There is a footpath around the perimeter of the island with views of Falmouth, Portland, and other islands surrounding the bay. The island is heavily wooded. Mackworth Island has a beautiful rocky shore and offers ample opportunities for surf fisherman of Bluefish and Stripers.</p><br>
<h2>Governor Baxter School for The Deaf</h2><br>
<p>In 1943, Maine&#39;s governor Percival P. Baxter deeded the island and causeway, including his summer home, to the State of Maine. In 1957, the state created the Governor Baxter School for The Deaf (formerly known as the Maine School for The Deaf) on the island. The school is infamous for a sexual abuse scandal which became public in 1981 and involved the school&#39;s principal and superintendent.</p><br>
<p>Kvaløya  is an island in the Norwegian municipality of Tromsø.</p><br>
<p>It has an area of 737 km&sup2, making it the fifth largest island in mainland Norway. It is connected to the neighboring island of Tromsøya to the east by the Sandnessund Bridge, to Ringvassøya to the north by the sub-sea Kvalsund Tunnel, to Sommarøy to the west by the Sommarøy Bridge, and to the mainland to the south by the Rya Tunnel. The island of Sommarøy, on the southwest coast, is a popular recreation area with magnificent coastal scenery.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kvaløya is a mountainous island, with at least ten mountains higher than 700 m, and three reaching an elevation of more than 1,000 m; of which the highest is Store Blåmann (big blueman at 1,044 m, can be climbed without climbing equipment, last part is steep). There are also several small fjords, almost dividing the island in two or three parts: Kaldfjorden, Ersfjorden, and Kattfjorden. The Rystraumen is a tidal current in the Straumsfjorden strait separating Kvaløya from the mainland to the south. Near this current, on the Kvaløya side, is Straumhella (30 km from the city), a popular recreation area with good fishing opportunities. Ryøya is an island in the midst of Rystraumen, with a small population of musk oxen grazing in the pine forest, the only such population in Northern Norway.</p><br>
<h2>Demography</h2><br>
<p>Approximately 10,000 people live on Kvaløya, most of them on the eastern side near Kvaløysletta (which constitutes a suburban area of the city of Tromsø) near the Sandnessund Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>According to official climate statistics, the west coast of Kvaløya, facing the open ocean, is the warmest part of Tromsø municipality. The weather station at Sommarøy on the west coast has 24-hr averages of -1.9 &deg;C in January, 11.9 &deg;C in July and a mean annual temperature of 3.9 &deg;C, while annual precipitation is 940 mm.</p><br>
<p>The Grotte du Lazaret  is an archaeological cave site of prehistoric human occupation study, situated in the eastern suburbs of the French town of Nice, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea.</p><br>
<p>Results of excavations have been interpreted as to account for the construction of shelters by humans during the Lower Paleolithic period. Research teams have unearthed more than 20,000 fossilized faunal bone fragments.</p><br>
<p>Two hundred thousand year old cranial fragments of a nine year old juvenile found in the cave suggest the presence of either homo heidelbergensis or a proto-Neanderthal human.</p><br>
<h2>The possible shelter</h2><br>
<p>Occupation layers of the cave in use during marine isotopic stage 6 (186,000 to 127,000 years ago) were excavated during the 1970s and may demonstrate construction abilities and other organisational skills by the inhabitants at the time.</p><br>
<p>Close to the mouth of the cave and along one wall were found Acheulean stone tools along with fragments of animal bone surrounding two circular charcoal concentrations which likely served as hearths. This occupation area measures 11 by and was delimited by the cave wall on three sides and on the fourth by a sinuous line of large stones. It is these which have been interpreted as having served as packing stones that could have been used to support the poles of an animal skin tent pitched against the cave wall. No evidence of the organic tent poles or tent itself would have survived but stone tool flakes and animal bone appear to spill outwards from between the stones at two points which may represent entrances to the conjectured shelter.</p><br>
<p>Finds of tiny sea shells surrounding the hearths may represent seaweed brought into the cave to serve as bedding. This may indicate specialised activity areas within the settlement with an inner domestic area and an outer one which would have been covered by the tent but presumably used for another purpose.</p><br>
<p>It is by no means certain that the stones were brought into the cave and placed by people however and natural processes or a reason for their placement not involving a structure may explain their presence. The limited evidence from nearby sites where similar stone tools and other cultural material have been found close to concentrations of natural rocks is less compelling than at Le Lazaret. Examples of these similar sites include La Baume Bonne (in Quinson, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence) and Orgnac. The evidence for housing in the archaeological record prior to the arrival of modern humans 50,000 years ago is slim, although any flimsy structure built prior to this time is unlikely to leave unmistakable archaeological traces after so long.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Scarre, C (ed.) (2005). The Human Past, London: Thames and Hudson.</p><br>
<h2>Footnote</h2><br>
<p>De Lumley, 1975, Cultural evolution in France in its palaeoecological setting during the middle Pleistocene, in After the Australopithecines, Butzer, KW and Isaac, G Ll. (eds) 745—808. The Hague:Mouton, qtd in Scarre, 2005</p><br>
<p>Shahr-e Sūkhté , also spelled as Shahr-e Sukhteh and Shahr-i Shōkhta, is an archaeological site of a sizable Bronze Age urban settlement, associated with the Jiroft culture. It is located in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, the southeastern part of Iran, on the bank of the Helmand River, near the Zahedan-Zabol road. It was placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in June 2014.</p><br>
<p>The reasons for the unexpected rise and fall of the Burnt City are still wrapped in mystery. Artifacts recovered from the city demonstrate a peculiar incongruity with nearby civilizations of the time and it has been speculated that Shahr-e-Sukhteh might ultimately provide concrete evidence of a civilization east of prehistoric Persia that was independent of ancient Mesopotamia.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Covering an area of 151 hectares, Shahr-e Sukhteh was one of the world’s largest cities at the dawn of the urban era. In the western part of the site is a vast graveyard, measuring 25 ha. It contains between 25,000 and 40,000 ancient graves.</p><br>
<p>The settlement appeared around 3200 BCE. The city had four stages of civilization and was burnt down three times before being abandoned in 1800 BCE.</p><br>
<p>The site was discovered and investigated by Aurel Stein in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1967, the site was excavated by the Istituto italiano per lAfrica e lOriente (IsIAO) team led by Maurizio Tosi. That work continued until 1978. After a gap, work at the site was resumed by the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization team led by SMS Sajjadi. New discoveries are reported from time to time.</p><br>
<p>Most of the material discovered is dated to the period of c. 2700-2300 BCE. The discoveries indicate that the city was a hub of trading routes that connected Mesopotamia and Iran with the Central Asian and Indian civilizations, and as far away as China.</p><br>
<p>During the Period I, Shahr-e Sukhteh already shows close connections with the sites in southern Turkmenistan, with the Kandahar region of Afghanistan, the Quetta valley, and the Bampur valley in Iran. Also, there are the connections with the Proto-Elamite cities of Ḵuzestān and Fārs. During Period II, Shahr-e Sukhteh was also in contact with the pre-Harappan centers of the Indus valley, and the contacts with the Bampur valley continuted.</p><br>
<p>Shahdad is another related big site that is being excavated.</p><br>
<p>Some 900 Bronze Age sites have been documented in the Sistan Basin, the desert area between Afghanistan and Pakistan.</p><br>
<h2>Helmand and Jiroft cultures</h2><br>
<p>Helmand culture of western Afghanistan was a Bronze Age culture of the 3rd millennium BCE. Scholars link it with Shahr-i Sokhta, Mundigak, and Bampur sites.</p><br>
<p>This civilization flourished between 2500 and 1900 BCE, and may have coincided with the great flourishing of the Indus Valley Civilization. This was also the final phase of Periods III and IV of Shahr-i Sokhta, and the last part of Mundigak Period IV.</p><br>
<p>Thus, Jiroft and Helmand cultures are closely related. Jiroft culture flourished in the eastern Iran, and the Helmand culture in western Afghanistan at the same time. In fact, they may represent the same cultural area. Mehrgarh culture, on the other hand, is far earlier.</p><br>
<h2>Finds</h2><br>
<p>A recent discovery is a unique marble cup, which was found on the 29th December 2014.</p><br>
<p>In January 2015, a Bronze Age piece of leather adorned with drawings was discovered</p><br>
<p>In December 2006, archaeologists discovered the worlds earliest known artificial eyeball. It has a hemispherical form and a diameter of just over 2.5 cm (1 inch). It consists of very light material, probably bitumen paste. The surface of the artificial eye is covered with a thin layer of gold, engraved with a central circle (representing the iris) and gold lines patterned like sun rays. The female whose remains were found with the artificial eye was 1.82 m tall (6 feet), much taller than ordinary women of her time. On both sides of the eye are drilled tiny holes, through which a golden thread could hold the eyeball in place. Since microscopic research has shown that the eye socket showed clear imprints of the golden thread, the eyeball must have been worn during her lifetime. The womans skeleton has been dated to between 2900 and 2800 BCE.</p><br>
<p>The oldest known backgammon, dice and caraway seeds, together with numerous metallurgical finds (e.g. slag and crucible pieces), are among the finds which have been unearthed by archaeological excavations from this site.</p><br>
<p>Other objects found at the site include a human skull which indicates the practice of brain surgery and an earthen goblet depicting what archaeologists consider to be the first animation.</p><br>
<p>Paleoparasitological studies suggest that inhabitants were infested by nematodes of the genus Physaloptera, a rare disease.</p><br>
<h3>residential area</h3><br>
<h3>The ancient courier</h3><br>
<p>In one of the most recent discoveries from January, a team of Iranian and British anthropologists, working on human remains in the city from the 3rd millennium BCE, identified a male camel rider who they believe was a messenger in ancient times.</p><br>
<p>Studies of the skeletal remains belonging to the man reveal evidence of bone trauma, suggesting that he was a professional rider who most likely spent most of his life on camel back.</p><br>
<p>Indications of riding are seen on the right leg bone of the man, who died at the age of 40 to 45. The swellings show that he had continuously worked as a professional rider, having started when he was a teenager. There are blade-shaped swellings on the lower part of the leg bone which indicate that he used to gather up his right leg while riding, suggesting that he rode on a large animal like a camel or ox. Although there is evidence showing that smaller draft animals were also used in the Burnt City, the act of gathering up a leg while riding is something that one does while riding a camel over long distances. Scientists, then, believe that the man was probably a courier who traveled regularly on camelback.</p><br>
<h3>Women's role</h3><br>
<p>Some paleoanthropologists believe that mothers in the Burnt City had social and financial prominence. Five-thousand-year-old insignias, made of river pebbles and believed to belong only to distinguished inhabitants of the city, were found in the graves of some female citizens. Some believe the female owners of the insignias used them to place their seal on valuable documents. Others believe the owners may have used the seal to indicate their lofty status in society.</p><br>
<h3>Craftsmanship</h3><br>
<p>Paleopathological studies on 40 teeth unearthed in the Burnt City&#39;s cemetery show that the inhabitants of the city used their teeth as a tool for weaving to make baskets and other handmade products.</p><br>
<p>"More than 40 teeth lesions have been identified, the most prominent of which belongs to a young woman who used her teeth as a tool for weaving baskets and similar products," said Farzad Forouzanfar, director of the Anthropology Department of Iran&#39;s Archeology Research Center and head of the anthropology team at the Burnt City in an interview with CHN.</p><br>
<p>The use of teeth as a tool in the Burnt City is seen in both males and females of different age groups. Evidence shows that weaving was more than a hobby in the prehistoric city. It was one of the most common professions in the city which required a special skill. Residents made a variety of woven products such as carpets, baskets, and other household items.</p><br>
<p>Studies are currently underway by anthropologists from Irans Archeology Research Center and Englands Newcastle University. The scientists hope to study bone fragments and teeth found in various parts of the Burnt City, especially those unearthed in its cemetery, which may unravel the mysteries over some of the most common occupations practiced by the region&#39;s inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>The excavations at the Burnt City also suggest that the inhabitants were a race of civilized people who were both farmers and craftsmen.</p><br>
<p>Hunts Tomb is a tomb in the shape of a small white pyramid behind a fence at the top of a hill within Papago Park, Phoenix, Arizona, United States. George W.P. Hunt  had the tomb built in 1931 to entomb his wife. He was placed there after his death in 1934. Their daughter and his wife&#39;s family are also buried there.</p><br>
<p>The tomb was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The tomb is easily seen from anywhere in the South West part of Papago Park on a sizable hill overlooking the Phoenix zoo and offers a panoramic view of the eastern part of the Valley of the Sun.</p><br>
<p>According to Roadsize America "Dubbed "King George VII," he was a friend of the common man and a foe (sometimes) of the railroad and mining trusts, which he called "coyotes" and "skunks." Plaques on his pyramid declare that he was a descendant of an unnamed "Revolutionary War patriot," that he allowed women to vote in his state eight years before the rest of the country, and that he was elected governor seven times, which "set a national record."</p><br>
<p>Fort Ligonier is a British fortification from the French and Indian War located in Ligonier, Pennsylvania, United States. The fort served as a staging area for the Forbes Expedition of 1758. During the eight years of its existence as a garrison, Fort Ligonier was never taken by an enemy. It served as a post of passage to the new Fort Pitt, and during Pontiacs War of 1763, was a vital link in the British communication and supply lines. It was attacked twice and besieged by the Native Americans, prior to the decisive victory at Bushy Run in August of that year. The fort was decommissioned from active service in 1766. Today, there is a museum next to the reconstructed fort. Inside the museum there are artifacts from the battle. An individual can take a guided tour of the fort, and on Fort Ligonier Days, the forts cannons are fired.</p><br>
<h2>Forbes' campaign</h2><br>
<p>French victories over George Washington and Edward Braddock in 1754–55 wrested from Britain control of the strategic forks of the Ohio River (modern Pittsburgh). By 1758, General John Forbes was assigned the daunting task of seizing Fort Duquesne, the French citadel at the forks. He ordered construction of a new road across Pennsylvania, guarded by a chain of fortifications, the final link being the "Post at Loyalhanna," fifty miles from his objective.</p><br>
<p>The fort was constructed in September 1758. By late October, George Washington had arrived at Loyalhanna, but not before the defeat of a British force at Fort Duquesne on September 14, and the successful defense of Loyalhanna from a French attack on October 12. Heavily outnumbered and losers in Indian diplomacy, the French abandoned Fort Duquesne, which Forbes occupied on November 25. He designated the site "Pittsburgh" in honor of Secretary of State William Pitt. Forbes also named Loyalhanna "Fort Ligonier" after his superior, Sir John Ligonier, commander-in-chief in Great Britain.</p><br>
<h3>Campaign timeline</h3><br>
<p>August 10, 1758—Colonel Bouquet ordered Major James Grant to build a road from Bedford to Ligonier (within striking distance of the French Fort Duquesne).</p><br>
<p>August 15, 1758—Col. Bouquet sent Ensign Charles Rohr, engineer for General Forbes, to the future site of Fort Ligonier to select a location for a storehouse there.</p><br>
<p>August 20, 1758—Col. Bouquet sent Major Grant, Col. James Burd and 1,500 men to the site to begin construction. Grant was in overall charge of the fort and men.</p><br>
<p>August 21, 1758—Ensign Rohr picked the exact location for the fort.</p><br>
<p>August 22, 1758—Col. Bouquet ordered Col. Burd&#39;s men and some artillerymen to build a 120 ft storehouse for supplies and a hospital.</p><br>
<p>August 27, 1758—Burd and Rhor reported the location of a superior site to Ligonier, nine miles (14 km) to the west. When told of the new site, Forbes directed that work continue on Fort Ligonier, since construction had already begun.</p><br>
<p>August 29, 1758—Col. Burd and troops arrived at Fort Ligonier and built trenches around the fort.</p><br>
<p>September 1, 1758—Bouquet sent 100 men to entrench the "Grants Paradise" location south of Latrobe, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>September 9, 1758—Major Grant left Fort Ligonier with troops and headed west to Fort Duquesne. On September 15, he approached within five miles (eight km) of Fort Duquesne before being beaten by the French, when his deliberate plan to lure out and ambush the fort&#39;s defenders went badly wrong. Bouquet arrived at Fort Ligonier with troops and wrote to Sinclair about the conditions of the fort, area and supplies, including wagons.</p><br>
<p>October 12, 1758—While the fort was still under construction, the Battle of Fort Ligonier was fought; the four-hour assault resulted in a French defeat. The French forces attempted to attack again at nightfall, but were forced to retreat by mortar fire from the fort.</p><br>
<p>November 12, 1758—The command of Col. Forbes ran across another squad of De Vitri’s French troops lurking around Fort Ligonier. The British attacked, killing one and taking three prisoners. One of the prisoners turned out to be an Englishman who had been taken from his home in Lancaster County by anti-British Native Americans. His information concerning the weak condition of Fort Duquesne was corroborated by that of the French prisoners. Forbes therefore resolved to push forward to capture Fort Duquesne.</p><br>
<p>November 12, 1758—Units led by George Washington (1st Virginia) and Lieutenant Colonel George Mercer (2nd Virginia) accidentally engaged each other in heavy fog and at night. Two officers and 38 men were killed or wounded.</p><br>
<p>November 1758—4,000 troops encamped at the fort, making Ligonier the second-largest community in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>November 25, 1758—Forbes captured Fort Duquesne.</p><br>
<p>March 1766—Fort Ligonier was abandoned after the conclusion of the French and Indian War.</p><br>
<p>The Crawlerway is a 130 ft wide double pathway at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. It runs between the Vehicle Assembly Building and the two launch pads at Launch Complex 39. It has a length of 3.5 mi to Pad 39A and 4.2 mi to Pad 39B. A seven-foot  bed of stones lies beneath a layer of asphalt and a surface made of Tennessee river rocks.</p><br>
<p>The Crawlerway was designed to support the weight of a Saturn V rocket and payload, plus its Launch Umbilical Tower and Mobile Launcher Platform, atop a Crawler-transporter during the Apollo Program. It was used from 1981&ndash;2011 to transport the lighter Space Shuttles to their launch pads.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the Crawlerway connected Merritt Island with the mainland, forming a peninsula. The main vehicle access road to and from the launch pads, the Saturn Causeway, runs alongside the crawlerway.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The crawlerway is composed of two 40 ft wide lanes, separated by a 50 ft median. The top layer is Tennessee river gravel, 4 inches thick on the straight sections and 8 inches thick on curves. Tennessee river rock was chosen for its anti-spark properties. Beneath that is 4 feet of graded, crushed stone, resting on two layers of fill. As of 2013 a project to repair and upgrade the crawlerway is in process, the first time since it was constructed that the foundation will be repaired. Additional rock was added to the surface in June 2014.</p><br>
<p>Patscherkofel is a mountain and ski area in the Alps, in Tyrol in western Austria, 7 km  south of Innsbruck. The peak rises to a summit elevation of 2,246 m above sea level. The town of Igls at its northwest base is at 870 m, a vertical drop of 1,376 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and Soils</h2><br>
<p>Quartz phyllite is the dominant bedrock, with gneiss and feldspar at the peak. Calcium-rich bedrock such as basalt, chalk and dolomite also occurs but is too scarce to have much influence on the soils of this severely glaciated mountain. Acid brown earth, podzolized brown earth and iron-humus podzol are the dominant soil types.</p><br>
<h2>Winter Olympics</h2><br>
<p>During both the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics, the mountain was the venue for the men&#39;s downhill race, along with the bobsleigh and luge competitions in neighboring Igls. The other five alpine skiing events were held at Axamer Lizum.</p><br>
<p>Ski legend Franz Klammer of Austria, then age 22, won his Olympic gold medal at Patscherkofel, dramatically edging out defending Olympic champion Bernhard Russi of Switzerland by 0.33 seconds in the 1976 Downhill. The 3.020 km course had a vertical drop of 870 m and started at 1,950 m, well below the mountain&#39;s summit. Behind at the last timing interval, Klammer finished at 1:45.73, an average speed of 102.8 km/h and vertical descent rate of 8.2 m/s.</p><br>
<p>Egon Zimmermann, also of Austria, took the gold medal a dozen years earlier in the 1964 Olympic downhill. His winning time was 2:18.16, more than a half minute behind Klammer&#39;s.</p><br>
<h2>Video</h2><br>
<p>– Franz Klammer&#39;s winning run (from ABC Sports)</p><br>
<p>Tiburón Island  is the largest island in the Gulf of California and the largest island in Mexico, with an area of abbr=off 464. It was made a nature reserve in 1963 by President Adolfo López Mateos. Tiburón is Spanish for shark. Although the Seri name was first recorded by Alphonse Pinart in 1879, its etymology is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Tiburón Island is part of the state of Sonora, as well as the municipality of Hermosillo, and is located at approximately the same latitude as the city of Hermosillo. It is located along the eastern shore of the Gulf of California, opposite Isla Ángel de la Guarda. It is part of the chain of islands known as the Midriff Islands or Islas Grandes.</p><br>
<p>Tiburón Island is part of the traditional homeland of some bands (or clans) of the Seri people, probably for many centuries if not millennia. During the 1960s and early 1970s, a small hunting and fishing camp on the northern end of the island was operated by Jesus Olivas, a resident of Hermosillo. He constructed several buildings, a dock and an airstrip near the historic Seri encampment at Tecomate. The camp was popular with American visitors to the area. The remains of the structures and airstrip are still in place (although the airstrip was rendered unusable by the Mexican military around 1995 in an attempt to keep it from being used by smugglers who were active in the area at the time). In 1975, the Mexican government, through a decree by President Echeverría, gave the Seris recognition and title of communal property ("reconocimiento y titulación de terrenos comunales") with respect to Tiburón Island.</p><br>
<p>The island is uninhabited (except for Mexican military encampments on the eastern and southern shores of the island) and is administered as an ecological preserve by the Seri tribal government in conjunction with the federal government. Bighorn sheep were introduced to the island in the 1980s; hunting is managed by the tribal government in coordination with Mexican federal authorities. It is also home to a subspecies of Coyote (Canis latrans jamesi) that is found nowhere but the island.</p><br>
<p>The island can be reached from Punta Chueca, which is the nearest community inhabited by members of the Seri tribe, and from Bahía de Kino, a (non-Indian) community abbr=off 34 to the south. The distance from Punta Chueca to Punta Tormenta, the nearest point on the island, is abbr=off 3. The channel between the mainland and the island is called Canal del Infiernillo ("Hell&#39;s Channel"), because of the strong tidal currents and shoal water that occur there which can make navigation challenging. The island has a prominent mountain system of volcanic origin.</p><br>
<p>Two permits are required for day hiking and overnight stays on the island: one from the Seri Governor&#39;s office in Punta Chueca and another from the ISLAS office in Bahía de Kino.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, a television episode of Survivorman Ten Days (Les Stroud) was filmed on Tiburón Island.</p><br>
<p>The Rhea–McEntire House, also known as the Rhea–Burleson–McEntire House, is a historic antebellum Greek Revival mansion located along the shoreline of the Tennessee River&#39;s Wheeler Lake in Decatur, Alabama.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed prior to 1836, and was used as headquarters by both Union and Confederate forces, alternately, during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1862, before being occupied by Federal forces, the plans for the Battle of Shiloh were laid out within this building. Because of this, the house was spared when the city was burned, leaving only 2 other buildings standing in the city.</p><br>
<p>The official records, most of which are now housed at Tulane University, indicate that General Johnstons headquarters during the time he reorganized his Confederate forces in Decatur in March 1862 were at the McCarty (sic) Hotel. They also indicate that planning for attacking Grants forces at Pittsburg Landing (the Battle of Shiloh) was done by Johnston&#39;s subordinate, General Beauregard, in Corinth, Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>The list of major buildings in Decatur, Alabama that survived the Civil War were the Dancy-Polk House, the Old State Bank, The McCartney Hotel (demolished in the 1920s), and the Burleson House that later became known as the McEntire House. The most likely reason they were spared is that they were all inside the perimeter of the breastworks built by the Union in 1864. Everything outside the breastworks for an 800 yd radius was leveled to provide a clear field of fire for the artillery defending the Union position on the banks of the Tennessee River. The Burlesons owned the house during the Civil War. Dr. Aaron Adair Burleson served as the president of the Tennessee and Central Alabama Railroad that later became part of the Nashville and Decatur Railroad. During the Civil War Dr. Burleson was a physician in the Confederate Army. The home was sold to Jerome Hinds, a former Union soldier from Illinois, in 1869. After the Hinds, the home was used as a boarding house and hotel before standing empty for a period. It was purchased on April 5, 1895 by R. P. McEntire.</p><br>
<p>The house was also used as the second temporary courthouse, during the construction of the first permanent courthouse in Decatur, in Morgan County.</p><br>
<p>The house was documented with large-format photographs by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1937.</p><br>
<p>Horton Grove was an area of houses for enslaved African-Americans at the 30,000 acre Bennehan-Cameron plantation complex, which included Stagville Plantation in the northeastern part of Durham County, North Carolina. The slaves who lived at Horton Grove were held by the influential Bennehan and Cameron families. In 1860, 900 total slaves were held on the complex. The several structures still standing at Horton Grove are the only two-story slave residences remaining in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The quarters at Horton Grove, which were constructed by slave craftsmen in the early 1850s, were the culmination of decades of gradual improvements at the plantation complex. The dwellings at Horton Grove represented the pinnacle of slave house development and include shuttered windows, multiple stories, brick chimneys, and raised stone foundations.</p><br>
<p>These structures were occupied continuously until as late as the 1970s. After the American Civil War, many of the former slaves stayed on the property as sharecroppers and continued to live in these dwellings. Because of its historic and architectural significance, Horton Grove was listed in 1978 on the National Register of Historic Places. Archaeological finds on the site have provided insight into continuing practices of African heritage at Stagville, including the presence of divining rods and communal cooking practices.</p><br>
<p>Lake Duluth was a proglacial lake that formed in the Lake Superior drainage basin as the Laurentide ice sheet retreated. The oldest existing shorelines were formed after retreat from the Greatlakean advance , sometime around 11,000 years B.P. Lake Duluth formed at the western end of the Lake Superior basin. Lake Duluth overflowed south through outlets in Minnesota and Wisconsin at an elevation of around 331 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Predecessor lakes</h2><br>
<p>As the Superior lobe of the Laurentian Ice Sheet melted, water became trapped along the ice margin and formed several independent lakes. The modern water basin in which these lakes stood have been used for their names. Lake Nemadji occupied the headwaters of the Nemadji River, Lake Brule occupied part of the Brule River basin, and Lake Ontonagon was in the Ontonagon River basin.</p><br>
<p>These lakes are all west of the Keweenaw Peninsula. To the east, the ice melt drained into Green Bay or Lake Michigan through channels crossing the western part of the upper peninsula of Michigan. Lake Duluth extended a few miles farther east than the Keweenaw Peninsula, to the border of the Huron Mountains, east of Keweenaw Bay. In the early part of the recession of the ice front Lake Duluth, with an outlet from the Brule River Valley through the St. Croix River Valley, was present in the western part of the Lake Superior Basin. A little later the ice border retreated sufficiently to allow the small independent lakes to become a part of Lake Duluth or to be drained by the lowering of the water level, for in general the water level was lowered as these lakes merged with Lake Duluth</p><br>
<h3>Lake St. Louis</h3><br>
<p>One of the bordering lakes was present when the Superior ice lobe was at its full extent. It stood in the part of the St. Louis River drainage basin northwest of the border of the Superior lobe</p><br>
<h3>Lake Nemadji</h3><br>
<p>An outlet channel led west from the west end of the Lake Superior Basin to Moose Lake, where it joined the outlet of Lake St. Louis.</p><br>
<h3>Lake Brule</h3><br>
<p>There was a small lake in the Brule River basin south of the copper range. It has its outlet to the St. Croix Valley. This was before Lake Duluth gained the St. Croix as its outlet.</p><br>
<h3>Lake Ashland</h3><br>
<p>Lake Ashland occupied several townships in northwestern Ashland County, Wisconsin. It extended west in Bayfield County to the east slope of the Bayfield Peninsula.</p><br>
<h3>Lake Ontonagon</h3><br>
<p>Lake Ontonagon occupied much of the Ontonagon basin, south of the copper range. The ice border remained along the copper range for a long period during its existence.</p><br>
<h2>Limits of the Lake</h2><br>
<p>The ice lobe retreated eastward in the Superior basin, taking a long period of time to completely leave the basin. During the process, the outlet continued to deepen and the beaches around the lake continued to drop. Thus, the higher beaches in the eastern portion of the basin are extension of middle and lower beaches in the western basin.</p><br>
<p>The eastern limits of Lake Duluth on the south shore have been found to be at the Huron Mountains, in Marquette County, Michigan. Once the ice receded to the east of the mountains, new outlets opened across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, carrying the melt water into the Lake Michigan basin. Lake Duluth was lowered as lower lines drainage along the ice front. Eventually the water level reached that of Lake Algonquin. The body of water occupied the western part of the Lake Superior basin as well as the basins of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron and finally the eastern part of the Lake Superior basin.</p><br>
<p>The eastern limits of Lake Duluth on the north coast of Lake Superior have not been determined. It is known, however, that the lake extended at least to the Kaministiquia River basin west of Fort William, Ontario. It is probable that there was a protrusion of the ice into Keweenaw Bay at the time of greatest expansion of Lake Duluth, and the east end of the Keweenaw Peninsula may have been beneath the ice down to the time the Lake Duluth waters were drained eastward.</p><br>
<p>Gurudongmar Lake, is one of the highest lakes in the world and highest lakes in India, located at an altitude of 17,800 ft It is a lake which is considered sacred by both Buddhists and Hindus. The lake is named after Guru Padmasambhava, also known as Guru Rinpoche, founder of Tibetan Buddhism who visited the lake in the 8th century.</p><br>
<p>The lake has been claimed to have been blessed during the 15th century by Guru Nanak, the spiritual leader of Sikhism while he had passed through this area. However, this claim has been falsified since by the Namgyal Institute of Technology, Gangtok.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The high altitude lake which remains frozen during winter months is located in the region of northern Sikkim, is in the district of North Sikkim. It is about 5 km south of the Chinese border. The lake can be reached by road from Lachen via Thangu. It is 190 km away from Gangtok, the capital city of Sikkim. The approach road from Thangu to Gurudongmar passes through a rugged and enchanting terrain with "stony moraine", which has high alpine pastures covered with many rhododendron trees.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>A legend related to the frozen condition of the lake is linked to the visit of Guru Padmasambhava to the lake, on his way back from Tibet. When he saw the lake he felt that the lake was worthy of veneration as it represented the divine location of Dorje Nyima or Chhoedten Nyima. As the lake remained frozen most of the year with no possibility of providing for drinking water needs, the people of the area appealed to Padmasambhva to help them. Then the guru agreed to help them and placed his hands on a small part of the lake area which stopped freezing during winter thus facilitating the source of drinking water to the people. Since then the lake has been considered sacred and devotees carry this sacred water in containers.</p><br>
<p>According to another legend when Padmasambhava visited the lake he saw an auspicious phenomenon in the lake and then he considered it a good augury to enter the mainland of Sikkim, then known as Demojong. It is now said that the lake grants a boon to any pregnant woman offering prayers at the lake.</p><br>
<p>In another fable traced to the 15th century, the Sikh saint Guru Nanak is believed to have passed through the lake while on his return from Tibet. According to this story, he was requested by the local people of Gurudongmar village to help make the frozen lake a source of drinking water during the winter period. Nanak is said to have touched a part of the lake with his stick, making the lake has free of snow throughout the year since. Guru Nanak is also said to have blessed the lake, announcing to the villagers that "whoever takes the water of this lake will gain virility and strength". According to this story, disputed by the Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, the lake and the surrounding hills derive their name from Nanak&#39;s visit.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The lake fed by glaciers is located to the north of the Kangchengyao range in a high plateau area connected with the Tibetan Plateau. The lake provides one of the source streams which joins the Tso Lahmu and then form the source of Teesta River. China is 5 km to the border on the east. The lake remains completely frozen in the winter months from November to Mid-May.</p><br>
<p>The lake has an area of 118 hectare and its peripheral length is 5.34 km. However, the size of the lake appears small at the place where the devotees offer worship but the larger part of the lake is not visible due to hilly topography obstructing the complete view at this location. The area surrounding the lake, also known as Gurudongmar, is inhabited by Yaks, blue sheep and other wildlife of high altitude.</p><br>
<p>This fresh-water lake, which once used to have very clear water, with even the bed of the lake being visible from the surface, now appears in white colour on account of local pollution.</p><br>
<h2>Dispute</h2><br>
<p>A dispute arose when on the bank of the lake an Indian Army regiment of the Sikhs located at the Indo-China border, considering the lake as the place visited by their saint Guru Nanak, constructed a Gurudwara in 1997–98. This created anger among the Sikkimese people of the area as they considered the Gurudwara as an illegal construction as their ancient sacred lake had been sanctified by the visit of their Guru Padmasambhava. The government of Sikkim then constituted a high level committee to examine the issue and submit a report. Documents furnished to the committee by the Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, Gangtok conclusively established the authentic claim of the local people that it was without doubt a Buddhist religious place. This was accepted by the committee. The building constructed by the Sikh regiment was then handed over by the army to the Lachen Monastery on 6 July 2001 in the presence of the Sub Divisional Magistrate, Chungthang, North Sikkim. Now the monastery has placed a lama as a watchman at the lake, entrusted with the task of maintenance of the lake.</p><br>
<p>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janamsakhis</p><br>
<p>(a) ‘His journey to North was through the mountainous region of Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Nepal, Tibet, Sikkim, Bhutan and thence to China’, Introduction,(p. xiii), Travels of Guru Nanak, 1978, by Dr Surinder Singh Kohli, Punjab University, Chandigarh. (b) Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, May 2002, Amazing travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar</p><br>
<p>‘fir(i) jai chadia sumer par siddh mandli dristi aaee,’ Var 1, Paudi 28, (p.14) Varan Bhai Gurdas Ji (Bhai Gurdas, 1551-1636 A. D.), Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar, Feb 1952, 2nd edition June 1964</p><br>
<p>(a) Des Nepal, Sikkim Bhutan, Punha Himala pikhyo mahan, p.60, Sri Gur Panth Parkash, Bhai Gyan Singh Gyani (1824-1884), 1970, Bhasha Vibagh Punjab, Patiala, (b) Guru Nanak entered the territory of Nepal in 1514-15 from the border area of Utter Pradesh,(p.113) Nepal, pp.113-116, Travels of Guru Nanak, 1978, by Dr Surinder Singh Kohli, Punjab University, Chandigarh. (c) Col Dr Dr Dalvinder Singh Grewal, May 2002, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar, pp.178-182</p><br>
<p>(a) ‘It was in 1514 that during his third journey in the Himalayas Guru Nanak made an incursion into Tibet’, (p.122), Tibet and China (pp.122-127) Travels of Guru Nanak, 1978, by Dr Surinder Singh Kohli, Punjab University, Chandigarh, (b) Col Dr Dr Dalvinder Singh Grewal, May 2002, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar, pp.155-177</p><br>
<p>(a) uthon age (from Nepal) Sikkim des Tamlang Shehar jo uthon di rajdhani si usde uttar vani ik pahadi par ja baithe…ethon Darjeeling, changathan nun dekh kanchan (kanchanjunga) parbat nun langh anek bastian pahadan da jhaka lai Bhutan des vich parves kita.’ (p. 215) Twareekh Guru Khalsa, 1892, by Giani Gian Singh, later published by Bhasha Vibhag Punjab, Patiala (b) ‘From Nepal Guru Nanak entered the territory of Sikkim in A.D. 1514-1515’, (p.117), Sikkim (pp. 117-119) Travels of Guru Nanak, 1978, by Dr Surinder Singh Kohli, Punjab University Chandigarh. (c) Col Dr Dr Dalvinder Singh Grewal, May 2002, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar, pp. 183-189</p><br>
<p>(a) Baba Nanak bhutant de des aya ‘, Sakhi Bhutant des ki’ Janamsakhi Guru Nanak Dev ji, B-40, 1733, edited by Piar Singh, 1974. Published by Guru Nanak Dev University, 2nd edition 1989, p. 124 (b) ‘The Guru entered the territory of Bhutan from Sikkim’,(p.120) Bhutan (pp.120-121), Travels of Guru Nanak, 1978, (c) Col Dr Dr Dalvinder Singh Grewal, May 2002, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar, pp.190-195</p><br>
<p>‘Guru Nanak crossed into and out of Arunachal Pradesh thrice and visited most of the part.’ (p.196) Arunachal Pradesh, (pp. 196-205), Col Dr Dr Dalvinder Singh Grewal, May 2002, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar, pp. 196-205</p><br>
<p>After visiting the major portion of China, the Guru returned to India via Sinkiang state.’ (p.127), Travels of Guru Nanak, 1978, by Dr Surinder Singh Kohli, Punjab University, Chandigarh.</p><br>
<p>(a) ‘Al Lachen parbat te jai khade hoi’, Janamsakhi Bhai Bala,1658, edited by Surinder Singh Kohli, Punjab University Publication Bureau, Chandigarh, p.236, note 3.(b) Van Suwane,1990, by Lt Col Dalvinder Singh Grewal published by National Book Shop,pp.95-101, (c) Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak,by Col Dr Dr Dalvinder Singh Grewal, May 2002, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar,p.186</p><br>
<p>(a) During his apostolic sermons the guide uttered ‘Nanak’ ….He told us that a great personality called ‘Rimpoche Nanak Guru’ while on his way to Tibet had rested on this mound (in Chungthang)……sprinkled the rice all over the meadow and buried the banana packing in a corner. …We saw …sprouting golden yellow paddy….clusters of banana trees.’ (p.231) Lt Colonel N.S. Issar, Sikh Review, Calcutta, Jan 1965. (b) ‘There are only a few houses in Chungthang. The major features are the shrine of Guru Nanak and the Sikkim police post.’ S. Surinder Singh of Indian Defence Accounts Service, (pp. 234-235) Sikh Review, Feb-Mar 1970. (c) Guru Rimpoche in Chungthang Math. Dr Tarlochan Singh, Jan 1972, Jeevan Charitar Guru Nanak dev, Dilli Sikh Gurdwara Board, Dilli, p.289. (d) Col Dr Dr Dalvinder Singh Grewal, May 2002, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar, pp.196-197. Je swarg dekhna hai tan Sikkim dekho, p.122, by Col Dalvinder Singh Grewal, 1995, Sarvotam Punjabi Nibandh 1987-88, Bhasha Vibhag, Punjab.</p><br>
<p>Muguthang ton Guruji Lungnakla darra langh ke thanggu pahunche, jithe guru ji do din rahe. Guru ji di yad vich ethe pathar ute Guru ji da pairan da nishan si jis nun sadak banaon valian barud nal uda dita. (p. 100), Sikkim-jithe than than Guru Nanak ji di charan chhoh lagi’, (p.95-101) in Van Suwane,1990, by Lt Col Dalvinder Singh Grewal published by National Book Shop, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, May 2002, 197</p><br>
<p>Ethon (Thanggu) Yongdi, Gaggong, Lukrep, Giagong hunde hoe Sora pahunche te ik vaddi jheel ‘ (Gurudongmaar) de kinare ruke Amazing travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar. Pp. 186-187, Note: The footprints were later found in the bed of Teesta riverand preserved in Lachen Gompha.,’</p><br>
<p>(p. 100) Sikkim– jithe than than Guru Nanak ji di charan chhoh lagi’, (p. 95-101) in Van Suwane,1990, by Lt col Dalvinder Singh Grewal, pub by National Book Shop Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, May 2002, Amazing travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar</p><br>
<p>‘(In Nepal) there are now two dharmsals in the memory of the visit of the Guru, one managed by Nirmalas and the other by udasis. The gurdwara is situated on the western bank of river Bishnumati’, (p.115 ) Travels of Guru Nanak, 1978, by Dr Surinder Singh Kohli, Punjab University, Chandigarh.</p><br>
<p>Chungthang Gurdwara, (p.186-187), Sikkim, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, May 2002, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar,</p><br>
<p>Guru Dongmar Gurdwara, (p.185-186), Sikkim, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, May 2002, Amazing travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar</p><br>
<p>Menchukha (PP.201-204), Gurdwara Arunachal Pradesh, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, May 2002, Amazing travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar</p><br>
<p>Guru Dongmar Gurdwara, (p.185-186), Sikkim, Amazing Travels of Guru Nanak, May 2002, Amazing travels of Guru Nanak, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Sri Amritsar</p><br>
<p>‘Asa hath kitab kachh’, Bhai Gurdas (1551-1636 AD), Varan Bhai Gurdas, var 1, paudi 32, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Feb 1952, p. 16</p><br>
<p>Karta ‘Sundri’ te ‘Rana Surat Singh (Bhai Vir Singh), 1955. Guru Nanak Chamtkar Utrardh (Dooja adh), jeevan Charitar Sahib Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Khalsa Samachar,Amritsar</p><br>
<p>Col. Dr Dalvinder Singh Grewal May 2001, Sikh Review: Sikkim’s Gurdwara “Guru Dongmar” Desecrated!</p><br>
<p>Chaudhara is a Himalayan mountain peak, situated in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand state in India. The altitude of the peak is 6,510 m. The peak lies to the south of Ralam pass and north west of Panchchuli. The peak is so named due to the peak having four corners. The peak was climbed for the first time by an Indian team led by A.R.Chandekar and Sherpa Ajeeba in 1973. Rajrambha is its neighbouring peak. Chaudhara is situated at the south east end of Kalabaland Glacier-Sankalp Glacier-Yangchar Glacier group. Chaudhara is the part of Himalayan massif between Ralam and Lassar valley. The most popular route to the summit is via the west face.</p><br>
<h2>First Ascent Route</h2><br>
<p>Ralam River ― BC Shiva Glacier (13800 ft) ― Camp II (15100 ft) ― Camp III (17700 ft) ― Summit</p><br>
<p>Barf is a fell in the north-western Lake District in Cumbria, UK. It stands on the south-western shore of Bassenthwaite Lake. Barf is well known for a whitewashed pillar of rock on the lower slopes, the so-called "Bishop&#39;s Rock" or "Bishop of Barf".</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Barf is properly an eastern shoulder of Lord&#39;s Seat, but was accorded the status of a separate fell by Alfred Wainwright in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells. The eastern face is a steep wall of scree, falling to the Keswick to Cockermouth road and the lakeshore.</p><br>
<p>The southern boundary of the fell is Beckstones Gill, falling over a series of small waterfalls from near the summit of Lords Seat. At the base of the slope it flows past the former Swan Hotel and into the head of the lake. To the south of Barf are Ullister Hill and Seat How, satellites of Lords Seat which Wainwright chose to leave within the bounds of the parent fell.</p><br>
<p>To the north of Barf is an unnamed stream falling to the lakeshore at Woodend, beyond which the land slowly falls away to Beck Wythop. To the north and south of the BARF fell&#39;s borders the slopes are forested with conifers, but Barf itself remains bare barring a belt of deciduous woodland at the very bottom.</p><br>
<p>The eastern face begins with several hundred feet of shifting scree, giving way to rough and loose crags higher up; Slape Crag is the main face. The whole slope falls some 900 ft in a quarter of a mile.</p><br>
<p>The connection to Lord&#39;s Seat is via a broad heather-clad depression to the west of the summit, easy walking being possible although there are some boggy patches.</p><br>
<h2>The Bishop of Barf</h2><br>
<p>On a rocky site at 700 ft and clearly visible from the Cockermouth to Keswick road, is the "Bishop of Barf", a white painted stone marking the spot where, according to local legend, the Bishop of Derry was killed falling from his horse in 1783, after drunkenly betting he could ride up the hill. Both the Bishop and his horse are said to be buried near a smaller stone, the Clerk, at the base of the hill. Sadly, the story, although imaginative, forgets that the Bishop of Derry of the time died 20 years later in Italy. However, this Bishop&#39;s colourful life no doubt inspired a tale capable of capturing the imagination. The stone was whitewashed each year by staff at the nearby Swan Hotel, until the Hotel was converted to apartments. The whitewashing is now carried out by members of Keswick Mountain Rescue.</p><br>
<p>The Bishop stands about 7 ft high on the shortest side, while the Clerk is a much smaller conical stone.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Barf is a part of the Loweswater Formation of Ordovician rocks. This is composed of Greywacke sandstone turbidities. The lower eastern slopes show outcropping of the Kirkstile Formation, the typical rock of the Skiddaw group.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of historic mining activity on the north bank of Beckstones Gill, below the east face and also near Woodend. Small amounts of lead and zinc were raised between 1532 and 1891, the principal ores being blende, cerussite and galena.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit is a small platform with a thin covering of grass, only a little way back from the eastern slope. The view eastward to Skiddaw and Longside Edge is excellent, with Bassenthwaite Lake in the foreground. A selection of the Eastern and Southern Fells can also be seen. Lord&#39;s Seat blocks much of the panorama westward although the sea makes an appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The direct assault via the Bishop is described by Wainwright as "Not a walk. A very stiff scramble, suitable only for people overflowing with animal strength and vigour.". A line further to the south following Beckstones Gill is perhaps to be preferred. Barf can easily be gained indirectly, having first ascended Lord&#39;s Seat.</p><br>
<p>The Westminster Castle, also locally known as "The Big Red Castle" or "The Pillar of Fire" is a historic landmark located in Westminster, Colorado, northwest of Denver near the intersection of 83rd and Federal. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Westminster University.</p><br>
<h2>Conception to construction</h2><br>
<p>Now owned by the Pillar of Fire Church, the "Big Red Castle" started life in 1890 with dreams of becoming "The Princeton of the West" when New Yorker Henry T. Mayham received approval to build a Presbyterian university on his land atop a hill overlooking Denver, Colorado. This beautiful property was named Crown Point and was the highest point in the early, sprawling Adams County.</p><br>
<p>Architect E.B. Gregory designed and laid the cornerstone for the universitys main building, which was to be constructed of gray stone from the Coal Creek area. Construction was delayed because of lack of funding, so Mayham hired New York architect Stanford White to finish the design and oversee construction. White changed a main design element, the stone, to a red sandstone from the Red Rocks/Manitou area. Whites design was completed by 1893: 160 ft frontage, 80 ft depth, three stories tall, with a distinctive 175 ft tall tower. The building&#39;s architectural style is an excellent example of Richardsonian Romanesque.</p><br>
<h2>The University opens</h2><br>
<p>Although the construction was completed in 1893, the doors of Westminster University did not open until September 17, 1908 thanks to the Panic of 1893 and competition from a nearby Presbyterian college. Mayham&#39;s persistent fund-raising paid off when the first 60 students began classes in 1908. Tuition was $50 per year and included indoor plumbing.</p><br>
<p>1911 saw some changes to the city in which the University was located. The town, formerly known as Harris (for an early settler), incorporated and changed their name to Westminster, in honor of Westminster University. The next few years were basically uneventful until, in 1915, the Board of Trustees made the decision to exclude women from the University. Just two years later, they found themselves with no enrollment because all of the young men had gone to fight in World War I. The Presbyterian University closed its doors in 1917, never to realize its dream of becoming the Princeton of the West.</p><br>
<h2>Pillar of Fire</h2><br>
<p>At its peak, the Crown Point property was worth nearly a half a million dollars. But after the devastating closure and three-year abandonment it was purchased by Bishop Alma Bridwell White of the White nationalist Pillar of Fire Church for $40,000 on January 31, 1920. Included in the sale was the main college building, 45 acre of land, a power plant, and two houses (one a students dormitory, the other the Presidents house.)</p><br>
<p>The sale was a good deal, but the state of the buildings left the church with $75,000 worth of repairs. Shattered windows, cracked walls, and broken plaster were the main structural complaints, but the once regal building had also become a glorified barn with thousands of chickens in the basement and farm machinery on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>In spite of the enormity of the work, the new Westminster University opened to students on September 7, 1920, just eight months after the purchase. Within six years of opening, the school, now known as Belleview Schools, had received its educational accreditation and was ready for decades of education.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1920s the campus was frequently used for Ku Klux Klan meetings and cross burnings. But in 1997, the Pillar of Fire Church, the school&#39;s owner and parent organization, repudiated its historical association with the Klan.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Belleview Christian Schools still reside on the Westminster University campus which is home to Belleview Christian Childcare & PreSchool (ages 1–4), Belleview Christian School (K–12). Although most of the teaching happens in newer buildings on the campus, classes continue in the historic main building which was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The building is also the home of KPOF AM91 Radio, Colorado&#39;s first station to broadcast in HD Radio.</p><br>
<p>Hickory Hills Lake is a privately owned freshwater lake in eastern Lamar County, Mississippi, southwest of the town of Hattiesburg. The lake was constructed in 1974, and is surrounded by a subdivision of 2 to 12 acre homesteads.</p><br>
<h2>Lake</h2><br>
<p>The lake is approximately 60 acre, and is impounded by an earthen dam. The dam contains a bell-mouth service spillway which exits via an overflow tower on the dry side of the dam. There is also an uncontrolled auxiliary spillway that only functions during high water periods.</p><br>
<p>The lake is maintained primarily for sportfishing.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Primary gamefish include largemouth bass, crappie, and bluegill. The property owners&#39; association fertilizes the lake each year to promote gamefish growth. The water level of the lake is intentionally lowered during the winter months to reduce excessive shoreline vegetation growth.</p><br>
<p>Because the lake is private, only owners, their families, and invited guests are allowed to fish. Gasoline powered motors are not allowed, and electric trolling motors are sufficient for navigation.</p><br>
<p>Because of the ban on gasoline engines, water skiing and jet skiing are not allowed. The large number of obstructions such as stumps also prevent these activities.</p><br>
<p>Hunting and the use of firearms are prohibited on and around the lake by the by-laws of the Hickory Hills Property Owners Association (HHPOA).</p><br>
<h2>Hickory Hills subdivision</h2><br>
<p>The subdivision of Hickory Hills is a gated community entirely surrounding Hickory Hills Lake. The entrance to the community is located on Richburg Road in Lamar County near the intersection of Richburg Road and Old USA 11. Access is provided via keypad and remote controlled gates.</p><br>
<p>Most lots in the subdivision have some sort of housing. Types of housing range from small cabins to larger homes.</p><br>
<p>Hickory Hills Loop is the circular road around the perimeter of the subdivision. It is a gravel road which is periodically graded, and is easily passable by all types of vehicles year round.</p><br>
<h2>Utilities</h2><br>
<p>In 2000, the HHPOA replaced the aging water system that delivered tap water to properties around the lake. The old system ran under the lake and frequently required repairs. The new water system was installed at a cost of approximately $100,000, and runs around the outside perimeter of Hickory Hills Loop. Following installation, Lamar County took control over the new water system.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1990s, BellSouth replaced parts of the telephone wiring in Hickory Hills. Portions of the aerial cabling, including the stretch running across the dam, had deteriorated and become unreliable. Telephone outages were common following rain storms. The dam portion was replaced with temporary overground wiring, and eventually with a new aerial span.</p><br>
<p>Due to Hurricane Katrina damage, BellSouth replaced most of the aerial cabling in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Cable television is unavailable at Hickory Hills. Some residents have reported being able to get high speed Internet service via telephone lines.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Access to the subdivision and lake is controlled via gates, and not available to the general public.</p><br>
<h2>Property owners association</h2><br>
<p>The Hickory Hills Property Owners Association (HHPOA) is responsible for management of the lake, dam, and road system inside the subdivision. The HHPOA also controls the bylaws which govern properties within Hickory Hills.</p><br>
